Table 2.

Preventing colitis in animal models of colitis or patients with IBD by targeting inflammasomes.

Natural Product	Source	Mechanism	Disease or Model	Reference
Cardamonin	Cardamom	Activate AhR/Nrf2/NQO1 pathway	DSS-colitis and TNBS-colitis in mouse	[67]
Naringin	Citrus fruit	Activate PPARγ and suppresse NF-kB activation	DSS-colitis in mouse	[69]
Bergenin	Plant metabolite	Inhibit COX-2, iNOS, IkB-α, and pSTAT3 expression	TNBS-colitis in rat	[71]
Palmatine	Herbal plant	Elevated mitophagy proteins LC3, PINK1 and Parkin	DSS-colitis in mouse	[73]
Genistein	Plant	Elevate intracellular cAMP	DSS-colitis in mouse	[75]
Rosmarinic acid	Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Reduce the expression of inflammasome components	DSS-colitis in mouse	[94]
Evodiamine	Evodiae fructus	Regulate NF-kB and autophagy	DSS-colitis in mouse	[95,96]
α-mangostin	Mangosteen fruit	Promote expression of NLRP3, caspase 1, IL-18, and IL-1β	LPS-induced colitis in rat	[77]
Flagellin	Roseburia intestinalis	Elevate expression of miR-223-3p	DSS-colitis in mouse	[78]
Sulphur dioxide	Metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids	Reduce oxidative stress, ER stress and autophagy	TNBS-colitis in rat	[79]
Phloretin	Fruits and vegetables	Suppressed NF-kB, PPARγ and oxidative stress	DSS-colitis in mouse	[80]
Lachnum polysaccharide	Lachnum sp.	ER stress and oxidative/nitrosative stress	DSS-colitis in mouse	[81]
Dimethyl fumarate	Derivative of fumarate	Induced GSH, activate Nrf2 and suppress mitochondrial ROS	DNBS-colitis in mouse	[84]
Carboxyamidotriazole	Noncytotoxic chemotherapy agent	Reduce activation of NF-kB	TNBS-colitis in rat	[87]
Deoxycholic Acid	High fat diet	Promote cathepsin B release by engagement of S1PR2	DSS-colitis in mouse	[89]

Abbreviations: DSS: Dextran Sodium Sulfate; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; SO₂: sulfur dioxide; CysA: cyclosporin A; DNBS: 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfuric acid; GSH: glutathione; and S1PR2: sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2.