Table 1.
Concentration (ppm) of residual gluten and peptide fragments of prolamins after 6, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h of simulated gastrointestinal digestion, as estimated by specific ELISA tests. Control: dough digested without bacterial cells and commercial enzymes; MC1–MC16: microbial consortia constructed by using live and lysed cells of selected lactobacilli (Lactiplantibacillus, Lp.; Lacticaseibacillus, Lc.; Levilactobacillus, Lv.; Limosilactobacillus, Ls., Fructilactobacillus, Fr.; Pediococcus, Ped.) and Bacillus (B.) strains and E1, E2, Veron PS, and Veron HPP commercial enzymes.
| Strains | Sandwich ELISA Assay (Residual Gluten) | Competitive ELISA Assay (Peptide Fragments) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 h | 16 h | 24 h | 36 h | 48 h | 6 h | 16 h | 24 h | 36 h | 48 h | ||
| Control | 1100 a ± 0.06 | 620 a ± 0.09 | 367 a ± 0.05 | 256 a ± 0.04 | 75 a ± 0.06 | 810 a ± 0.03 | 400 a ± 0.02 | 397 a ± 0.08 | 381 a ± 0.07 | 375 a ± 0.05 | |
| MC1 | Lp. plantarum DSM33370, DSM33363, DSM33364; Lc. paracasei DSM33373; Lv. brevis DSM33377; B. pumilus DSM33297, DSM33355, DSM33301 | 406 b ± 0.04 | 135 b ± 0.06 | 19 e ± 0.01 | 0 e | 0 e | 310 f ± 0.05 | 250 d ± 0.03 | 200 e ± 0.04 | 170 e ± 0.02 | 65 g ± 0.01 |
| MC2 | Lp. plantarum DSM33362, DSM33367, DSM33368; Lc. paracasei DSM33375; B. subtilis DSM33298; B. licheniformis DSM33354; B. megaterium DSM33300 | 346 c ± 0.07 | 121 b ± 0.03 | 15 e ± 0.01 | 0 e | 0 e | 332 f ± 0.05 | 226 ef ± 0.04 | 167 f ± 0.03 | 158 e ± 0.02 | 150 c ± 0.02 |
| MC3 | Lp. plantarum DSM33366, DSM33369; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; Lc. paracasei DSM33376; Ped. pentosaceus DSM33371; B. megaterium DSM33356; B. subtilis DSM33353 | 382 c ± 0.03 | 99 c ± 0.02 | 12 f ± 0.01 | 0 e | 0 e | 315 f ± 0.06 | 272 d ± 0.07 | 256 d ± 0.04 | 244 c ± 0.05 | 228 b ± 0.02 |
| MC4 | Lp. plantarum DSM33363, DSM33364; Lc. paracasei DSM33373; B. subtilis DSM33298; B. pumilus DSM33301 | 190 cd ± 0.05 | 0 g | 0 g | 0 e | 0 e | 399 e ± 0.08 | 233 e ± 0.07 | 112 g ± 0.05 | 0 j | 0 g |
| MC5 | Lv. brevis DSM33377; Ped. pentosaceus DSM33371; Lp. plantarum DSM33369; B. pumilus DSM33297; B. megaterium DSM33300 | 380 b ± 0.06 | 18 e ± 0.01 | 5 g ± 0.01 | 0 e | 0 e | 398 e ± 0.04 | 221 e ± 0.05 | 154 fg ± 0.03 | 46 i ± 0.02 | 0 g |
| MC6 | Lc. paracasei DSM33375; Lp. plantarum DSM33367, DSM33368; B. pumilus DSM33355; B. licheniformis DSM33354 | 350 c ± 0.06 | 15 e ± 0.02 | 2 g ± 0.01 | 0 e | 0 e | 404 e ± 0.06 | 245 de ± 0.05 | 100 g ± 0.08 | 79 h ± 0.04 | 0 g |
| MC7 | Lp. plantarum DSM33370, DSM33362, DSM33366; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; B. megaterium DSM33356; B. subtilis DSM33353 | 360 c ± 0.09 | 20 e ± 0.06 | 10 f ± 0.01 | 0 e | 0 e | 401 e ± 0.07 | 261 d ± 0.05 | 150 f ± 0.03 | 99 g ± 0.04 | 78 g ± 0.05 |
| MC8 | Lp. plantarum DSM33363, DSM33364; Lc. paracasei DSM33375; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; B. megaterium DSM33300; B. pumilus DSM33297 | 18 g ± 0.03 | 3 g ± 0.01 | 0 g | 0 e | 0 e | 323 f ± 0.08 | 228 e ± 0.06 | 218 e ± 0.05 | 157 e ± 0.06 | 0 g |
| MC9 | Lc. paracasei DSM33375; Lp. plantarum DSM33367; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; B. megaterium DSM33300; B. pumilus DSM33297; B. licheniformis DSM33354 | 60 f ± 0.04 | 12 f ± 0.01 | 0 g | 0 e | 0 e | 319 f ± 0.06 | 211 f ± 0.05 | 196 ef ± 0.03 | 195 de ± 0.07 | 152 c ± 0.02 |
| MC10 | Lp. plantarum DSM33363, DSM33364, DSM33370; Lv. brevis DSM33377; B. pumilus DSM33297; B. megaterium DSM33356 | 112 e ± 0.06 | 77 d ± 0.04 | 70 d ± 0.02 | 0 e | 0 e | 465 d ± 0.09 | 370 b ± 0.06 | 243 de ± 0.05 | 145 ef ± 0.04 | 97 f ± 0.03 |
| MC11 | Lp. plantarum DSM33368, DSM33362, DSM33367; Lc. paracasei DSM33375; B. megaterium DSM33300; B. subtilis DSM33353 | 221 d ± 0.05 | 89 c ± 0.07 | 69 d ± 0.06 | 50 d ± 0.04 | 43 d ± 0.03 | 512 c ± 0.06 | 367 b ± 0.08 | 340 b ± 0.09 | 300 b ± 0.06 | 123 de ± 0.05 |
| MC12 | Lp. plantarum DSM33366, DSM33369; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; Lc. paracasei DSM33376; Ped. pentosaceus DSM33371; B. pumilus DSM33297, DSM33355 | 145 e ± 0.06 | 110 c ± 0.05 | 89 c ± 0.03 | 75 c ± 0.02 | 63 b ± 0.03 | 601 b ± 0.09 | 312 c ± 0.06 | 289 c ± 0.07 | 288 b ± 0.05 | 143 cd ± 0.03 |
| MC13 | Lv. brevis DSM33377; Ped. pentosaceus DSM33371; Fr. sanfranciscensis DSM33379; B. megaterium DSM33300; B. pumilus DSM33297 | 163 de ± 0.06 | 122 b ± 0.04 | 82 c ± 0.02 | 45 d ± 0.03 | 0 e | 523 c ± 0.07 | 322 c ± 0.07 | 321 b ± 0.06 | 215 d ± 0.07 | 134 d ± 0.05 |
| MC14 | Lp. plantarum DSM33368; Lc. paracasei DSM33375; Fr. sanfranciscensis DSM33378; B. megaterium DSM33300; B. pumilus DSM33297; B. licheniformis DSM33354 | 234 d ± 0.08 | 135 b ± 0.07 | 120 b ± 0.07 | 108 b ± 0.05 | 56 c ± 0.03 | 587 b ± 0.09 | 333 c ± 0.09 | 256 d ± 0.08 | 211 d ± 0.08 | 167 c ± 0.07 |
| MC15 | Lp. plantarum DSM33362, DSM33366, DSM33370; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; Fr. sanfranciscensis DSM33378, DSM33379; B. licheniformis DSM33354; B. subtilis DSM33353 | 199 d ± 0.05 | 100 c ± 0.04 | 81 c ± 0.05 | 59 d ± 0.04 | 40 d ± 0.03 | 498 c ± 0.08 | 318 c ± 0.04 | 280 c ± 0.03 | 256 c ± 0.08 | 118 e ± 0.05 |
| MC16 | Lp. plantarum DSM33363, DSM33364; Lc. paracasei DSM33373; Ls. reuteri DSM33374; B. megaterium DSM33300; B. pumilus DSM33297, DSM33355 | 19 g ± 0.03 | 11 f ± 0.01 | 0 g | 0 e | 0 e | 280 g ± 0.06 | 200 f ± 0.05 | 50 h ± 0.03 | 10 j ± 0.01 | 0 g |
Data are the mean of three independent biological replicates. (a–j) Values with different superscript letters within the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).