Table 1.

Antibacterial activities of natural alkaloids.

Alkaloids (Compound Name)	Sources	Structure of the Alkaloids	Strains Inhibited	MIC *	Positive Control	MIC *	References
2-methoxy-4-(2-(2-pyridine)-ethyl) phenol	Zingiberis rhizoma		C. albicans	1.0 mg/mL	-	-	[29]
Thalicfoetine	T. foetidum		B. subtilis	3.12 µg/mL	Cefotaxime	1.56 µg/mL	[24]
Spathullin A	P. spathulatum Em19		E. coli, A. baumannii, E. cloacae, S. aureus	4–15 µg/mL	Meropenem	0.5–2 µg/mL	[25]
Spathullin B	P. spathulatum Em19		E. coli, A. baumannii, E. cloacae, S. aureus	1–15 µg/mL			[25]
16,17,19,20-tetrahydro-2,16-dehydro-18-deoxyisostrychnine	P. pilifera		E. coli	0.781 μg/mL	-	-	[30]
tTris(1H-indol-3-yl) methylium	Pseudomonas aeruginosa UWI-1		Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria	1–128 µg/mL	Kanamycin	4–128 µg/mL	[43]
bis(indol-3-yl) phenylmethane	P. aeruginosa UWI-1		Gram-positive bacteria	32–128 µg/mL			[43]
indolo (2,1b) quinazoline-6,12 dione	P. aeruginosa UWI-1		Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria	1–32 µg/mL			[43]
Dionemycin	Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 11791		M. luteus, S. aureus, MRSA	0.5–2 μg/mL	Kanamycin	1–128 μg/mL	[31]
6-CH3O-7′,7′′-dichorochromopyrrolic acid	Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 11791		M. luteus, S. aureus, MRSA	3–128 μg/mL			[31]
Voacafricines A	V. africana		S. aureus, S. typhi, B. Subtilis	3.12–25 μg/mL	Berberine, Fibraurtine	3.12–25 μg/mL	[32]
Voacafricines B	V. africana		S. aureus, S. typhi, B. Subtilis, E. coli	0.78–50 μg/mL			[32]
Epidihydropinidine	Picea abies (L.) Karsten		P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, C. glabrata, C. albicans, S. enterica, B. cereus, S. aureus	5.37–43 µg/mL	Amphotericin B	-	[40]
Myoporumine A	M. bontioides A. Gray		MRSA	6.25 µg/mL	Fraction F4	25 µg/mL	[41]
Myoporumine B	M. bontioides A. Gray		MRSA	6.25 µg/mL			[41]
Palmatine	Coptis chinensis		H. pylori	75–200 μg/mL	Metronidazole	0.5–2 μg/mL	[44]
Chelerythrine	Toddalia asiatica (Linn) Lam		S. aureus, MRSA, Extended-spectrum β-lactamases S. aureus	0.156 mg/mL	-	-	[45]
Berberine	T. asiatica (Linn) Lam		S. aureus, MRSA, Extended-spectrum β-lactamases S. aureus	0.0312 mg/mL	-	-	[45]
Tetrandrine	Stephania tetrandra S. Moore		S. aureus	125–250 μg/mL	Ampicillin, Oxacillin	0.9–250 μg/mL	[46]
Stachydrine	Ritchiea capparoides var. longipedicellata		S. aureus, E. coli	5 mg/mL	Streptomycin	0.125 mg/mL	[47]
Chabamide	Piper chaba		M. tuberculosis	12.5 μg/mL	-	-	[48]
Lycorine	Pancratium Foetidum Pom		S. aureus, B. cereus, P. aerugin, E. cloac	0.24 mg/mL	Streptomycin	0.04–0.34 mg/mL	[49]
Lycorine	Amaryllidaceae		C. dubliniensis, C. albicans, L. elongisporus	32–64 µg/mL	Tetracycline	0.5–2 µg/mL	[27]
Caranine	Amaryllidaceae		C. dubliniensis	128 µg/mL			[27]
6-(pyrrolidin-2-yl)DAPG	Pseudomonas protegens UP46		S. aureus, Bacillus cereus	2–4 µg/mL	-	-	[50]
6-(piperidin-2-yl)DAPG	P. protegens UP46		S. aureus, B. cereus	2 µg/mL	-	-	[50]
Kopsiahainanins A	Kopsia hainanensis		S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae	0.12–0.23 µg/mL	Netilmicin	0.004–0.015 µg/mL	[51]
Kopsiahainanins B	K. hainanensis		S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae	0.14–0.26 µg/mL			[51]
Kopsiahainanins C	K. hainanensis		S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae	0.94–1.32 µg/mL			[51]
Kopsiahainanins D	K. hainanensis		S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae	0.92–1.24 µg/mL			[51]
Kopsiahainanins E	K. hainanensis		E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae	1.19–1.31 µg/mL			[51]
Kopsiahainanins F	K. hainanensis		E. coli, E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. dysenteriae	0.99–1.32 µg/mL			[51]
Kuanoniamine D	Ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	2.2–17.4 µM	Gentamicin	0.02–0.08 µM	[52]
Shermilamine B	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	2.0–8.0 µM			[52]
N-deacetylkuanoniamine D	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	2.5 µM			[52]
N-deacetylshermilamine B	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	1.1–4.5 µM			[52]
11-hydroxyascididemin	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	2.6–10.5 µM			[52]
Cystodimine A	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	1.2–2.4 µM			[52]
Cystodimine B	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	2.6–10.5 µM			[52]
Ascididemin	Ascidian C. dellechiajei		E. coli, M. luteus	0.2–0.3 µM			[52]
Sophoridine	Thermopsis lanceolata R.Brown		E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis	2 × 10−2–4 × 10−2 M	-	-	[53]
Sophoramine	T. lanceolata R.Brown		E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis	4 × 10−2–5 × 10−2 M	-	-	[53]
Matrine	T. lanceolata R.Brown		E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis	2 × 10−2–5 × 10−2 M	-	-	[53]
Cytisine	T. lanceolata R.Brown		E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis	3 × 10−2–5 × 10−2 M	-	-	[53]
Oxymatrine	T. lanceolata R.Brown		E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis	5 × 10−2 M	-	-	[53]
Berberine	Berberis vulgaris		T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, M. canis, M. gypseum	0.062–0.250 mg/mL	Ketoconazole	0.125–0.250 mg/mL	[54]
Chelerythrine	C. majus		P. aeruginosa	1.9 mg/L	-	-	[26]
Sanguinarine	C. majus		S. aureus	1.9 mg/L	-	-	[26]
Chelidonine	C. majus		C. albicans	62.5 mg/L	-	-	[26]
Berberine	C. majus		S. aureus	125 mg/L	-	-	[26]
Allocryptopine	C. majus		S. aureus	125 mg/L	-	-	[26]
Mokluangins B	Holarrhena pubescens		B. subtilis, E. coli	16 µg/mL	Vancomycin, Gentamycin	0.125–0.25 µg/mL	[38]
Mokluangins C	H. pubescens		E. coli	16 µg/mL			[38]
Ageliferin	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	64 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
Bromoageliferin	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	8 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
Dibromoageliferin	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	32 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
Sceptrin	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	64 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
Nakamuric acid	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	≥128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
4-Bromo-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	64 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
4,5-Dibromopyrrole-2-carboxylic acid	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	64 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
3,7-Dimethylisoguanine	Sponge A. dilatata		A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa	64 ≥ 128 mg/L	-	-	[42]
9H-carbazole	Myxobacterium L. luteola		C. albicans, B. subtilis, E. coli, C. violaceum	6.7–33.3 µg/mL	Methanol	-	[55]
3-chloro-9H-carbazole	Myxobacterium L. luteola		C. albicans	33.3 µg/mL			[55]
4-hydroxymethyl-quinoline	Myxobacterium L. luteola		C. albicans	33.3 µg/mL			[55]
Latifolianine A	Nauclea latifolia		H. influenzae	25 µg/mL	Ciprofloxacin	1.6 µg/mL	[56]
Latifoliaindole A	N. latifolia		H. influenzae	50 µg/mL			[56]
Latifoliaindole B	N. latifolia		H. influenzae	25			[56]
Neoechinulin A	Eurotium sp.		B. cereus, P. vulgaris	6.25–25 μM	Ciprofloxacin	0.20–0.78 μM	[57]
l-alanyl-l-tryptophan anhydride	Eurotium sp.		B. cereus, P. vulgaris	1.56–3.13 μM			[57]
Dihydroxyisoechinulin A	Eurotium sp.		B. cereus	3.13 μM			[57]
Terpendole L	Tolypocladium sp.		M. lysodeikticus, M. luteus	6.25–50 μg/mL	Ciprofloxacin	0.78 μg/mL	[58]
Tolypocladin A	Tolypocladium sp.		B. cereus, MRSA	12.5–25 μg/mL	Ketoconazole	0.78 μg/mL	[59]
Tolypocladin B	Tolypocladium sp.		MRSA	50 μg/mL			[59]
Tolypocladin H	Tolypocladium sp.		B. cereus, M. lysodeikticus, B. paratyphosum, B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, S. typhi, P. vulgaris	0.78–1.56 μg/mL			[59]
Alstoniascholarine A	Alstonia scholaris		P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis	25–50 μg/mL	Gentamycin, Griseofulvin	0.20–7.81 μg/mL	[60]
Alstoniascholarine C	A. scholaris		P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis	12.5–50 μg/mL			[60]
Alstoniascholarine E	A. scholaris		P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis	25–50 μg/mL			[60]
Alstoniascholarine F	A. scholaris		P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis	3.13–50 μg/mL			[60]
Alstoniascholarine H	A. scholaris		P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli	25–50 μg/mL			[60]
Alstoniascholarine I	A. scholaris		P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli	12.5–25 μg/mL			[60]
Alstoniascholarine J	A. scholaris		S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, E. coli	3.13–25 μg/mL			[60]
Scholarisine T	A. scholaris		E. coli, B. subtilis, S. typhi	0.78–12.5 μg/mL	Cefotaxime	0.39–3.12 μg/mL	[61]
Scholarisine U	A. scholaris		E. coli, B. subtilis	0.78–3.12 μg/mL			[61]
Scholarisine V	A. scholaris		E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi	0.78–12.5 μg/mL			[61]
2, 5, 6-tribromo-3-[(3′-bromo-4′-hydroxyl-phenyl)-methyl]-1H-indole	Laurencia similis		B. subtilis, B. thuringensis, S. aureus, A. tumefaciens, P. lachrymans, R. solanacearum, X. vesicatoria	2–8 μg/mL	Penicillin	0.125–250 μg/mL	[62]
5, 6-dibromo-1-hydroxy-3-isopropenyl-indole-2-one	L. similis		S. aureus, A. tumefaciens	12.5 μg/mL			[62]
Neofiscalin A	Neosartorya siamensis KUFA 0017		MRSA, VRE	8 μg/mL	Oxacillin	128 μg/mL	[63]
Dragmacidin G	Genus Spongosorites		S. aureus, MRSA	0.62 µg/mL	Chloramphenicol	3.1–6.2 µg/mL	[64]
Chaetoglobinol A	Chaetomium globosum		B. subtilis	50 µg/mL	-	-	[65]
Phutdonginin	Kopsia arborea Blume		E. coli	32 g/mL	-	-	[66]

* MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is the lowest drug concentration at which a given antifungal extract inhibits the visible growth of a tested organism.