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Scheme of ubiquitin binding to the target protein [22]. Ub is activated by ATP-assisted acyl-adenylation, bound to the Ub-activating enzyme (E1), transferred to Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2), and attached to the target protein substrate (S) through Ub-ligase (E3). This cycle mechanism can be repeated for the creation of a polyubiquitin chain. ATP—adenosine triphosphate, AMP—adenosine monophosphate, PPi—pyrophosphate, Ub—ubiquitin. Adapted from [22].
