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. 2021 Mar 19;9(3):638. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9030638

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Francisella tularensis manipulation of the host cell ubiquitination system. (A) F. tularensis requires host factor DUB USP22 for cytosol proliferation and E3 ligase CDC27 for intervention to phagosomal maturation. (B) Adaptive immune response is changed upon induction of host prostaglandine E₂ (PGE₂), where the E3 ligase MARCH1 regulates the ubiquitination of MHC class II. (C) Innate immune signalization is subverted by changes in the ubiquitination of TRAF3 and TRAF6 adaptors with E3 ligase HECTD3 regulating the K63 polyubiquitination of TRAF3. (D) F. tularensis surface O-antigen hinders the autophagy recognition that enables the bacteria proliferation in the cytosol of the host cell. (E) Host cell defense mechanism is positively influenced by inflammasome activation through E3 ligase HUWE1.