Table 1.

Bacterial effector proteins described in this review.

Effector Protein	Bacteria	Role	Function	References
YpkA	Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica	Protein kinase	Increasing of bacterial uptake	[57]
YopJ	Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	DUB, acetyltransferase	Suppression of MAPK and NF-κB pathway	[58,59]
SopA	Salmonella Typhimurium	E3 ligase	Unknown	[60]
SseL	Salmonella Typhimurium	DUB	Suppression of NF-κB pathway	[61]
			Inhibition of autophagy	[62]
AvrA	Salmonella Typhimurium	DUB, acetyltransferase	Suppression of NF-κB pathway and stabilization of β-catenin	[63]
NleL	Escherichia coli	E3 ligase	Suppression of the inflammatory response	[64]
ElaD	Escherichia coli	DUB	Suppression of NF-κB pathway	[54]
SidE	Legionella pneumophila	E3 ligase	Regulation of phosphoribosyl ubiquitination, cytotoxicity	[65,66]
DupA, B	Legionella pneumophila	DUB
SdeA	Legionella pneumophila	DUB	Inhibition of autophagy	[67]
LotA	Legionella pneumophila	DUB	Suppression of phagosome maturation	[68]
RavD	Legionella pneumophila	DUB	Suppression of phagosome maturation and NF-κB pathway	[69]
RavZ	Legionella pneumophila	DUB	Inhibition of autophagy	[70]
SpeB	Streptococcus pyogenes	Cysteine protease	Inhibition of autophagy	[71]
IcsB	Shigella flexneri	Virulence factor	Inhibition of autophagy	[72]
OspG	Shigella flexneri	E2 enzyme	Suppression of NF-κB pathway	[73]
IpaH	Shigella flexneri	E3 ligase	Suppression of NF-κB pathway and autophagy	[74,75]
SchiCE	Shigella flexneri	DUB	Suppression of NF-κB pathway	[54,76]
ActA	Listeria monocytogenes	Virulence factor	Increasing of intracellular motility to avoiding autophagy	[77]
InlK	Listeria monocytogenes	Virulence factor	Inhibition of autophagy	[78]
ChlaDUB1	Chlamydia trachomatis	DUB, acetyltransferase	Suppression of NF-κB pathway	[79]
ChlaDUB2	Chlamydia trachomatis	DUB	Suppression of NF-κB pathway
ChlaOTU	Chlamydia pneumonia	DUB	Unknown	[80,81]