Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population (n = 61).
| Variables | Values | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 9.3 ± 5.0 (1.0–18.0) | |
| Gender: male | 44 (72) | |
| Transplant recipients | 8 (13) | |
| Anthropometry | ||
| Weight SDS | −1.0 ± 1.4 | |
| Height SDS | −1.2 ± 1.2 | |
| BMI SDS | −0.3 ± 1.3 | |
| BSA (m2) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | |
| Cause of kidney failure | ||
| Glomerular | 11 (18) | |
| CAKUT | 27 (44) | |
| Cystic disease | 6 (10) | |
| Other non-glomerular | 17 (28) | |
| Laboratory values | ||
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 47.1 ± 28.9 | |
| Chronic medication use | ||
| Potassium binding resins | 7 (12) | |
| Phosphate binders | 2 (3) | |
| Iron supplements | 22 (36) | |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 10 (16) | |
| Laxatives | 1 (3) | |
| Antibiotics | 19 (31) | |
| Nutrient intake | ||
| Fibre intake (g/day/m2) | 12.6 ± 6.8 | |
| %DRI fibre | 76.0 ± 36.0 | |
| Protein intake (g/day/m2) | 54.4 ± 28.4 | |
| %DRI protein | 220.1 ± 138.2 | |
| Protein/fibre index | 4.3 (2.7–5.8) * | |
| Energy (kCal/kg/day) | 59.8 ± 30.9 | |
| Energy (kCal/day) | 1428.4 ± 504.9 | |
| Gut-derived protein-bound uraemic toxins | ||
| Free | Total | |
| pCG (mg/dL) | 0.004 (0.001–0.013) | 0.006 (0.001–0.015) |
| IAA (mg/dL) | 0.004 (0.002–0.007) | 0.042 (0.028–0.061) |
| IxS (mg/dL) | 0.006 (0.003–0.015) | 0.247 (0.101–0.514) |
| pCS (mg/dL) | 0.017 (0.006–0.034) | 0.761 (0.269–1.372) |
CAKUT: congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract; SDS: standard deviation score; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate according to Schwartz et al.; %DRI: achieved percentage of the recommended 100% dietary reference intake; pCG: p-cresylglucuronide; IAA: indole acetic acid; IxS: indoxyl sulfate; pCS: p-cresyl sulfate. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), number (percentage) or median (25th–75th percentile) as appropriate. * n = 58, three patients with a fibre intake of 0 g/day were excluded for mathematical reasons.