Table 2.
Association between nutrient (fibre and protein) intake and selected gut-derived protein-bound uraemic toxins.
| Gut-Derived Protein-Bound Uraemic Toxins (mg/dL) | Estimated Mean Ratio | Confidence Interval (CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower 95% | Upper 95% | |||
| pCG | ||||
| Free concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.967 | 0.943 | 0.992 | 0.010 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.005 | 0.998 | 1.012 | 0.120 |
| Total concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.970 | 0.944 | 0.995 | 0.021 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.006 | 0.998 | 1.012 | 0.116 |
| IAA | ||||
| Free concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.934 | 0.907 | 0.963 | <0.001 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.011 | 1.003 | 1.019 | 0.007 |
| Total concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.984 | 0.971 | 0.997 | 0.020 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.001 | 0.998 | 1.005 | 0.430 |
| IxS | ||||
| Free concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.969 | 0.941 | 0.997 | 0.035 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.005 | 0.997 | 1.012 | 0.259 |
| Total concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.986 | 0.965 | 1.006 | 0.196 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.001 | 0.996 | 1.007 | 0.645 |
| pCS | ||||
| Free concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.975 | 0.953 | 0.998 | 0.034 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.005 | 0.998 | 1.011 | 0.137 |
| Total concentration | ||||
| Fibre intake (g/day) | 0.984 | 0.956 | 1.011 | 0.261 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 1.004 | 0.9962 | 1.012 | 0.282 |
Total and free uraemic toxin concentrations showed a skewed distribution and were (natural) log-transformed prior to linear mixed-model analysis. Data are expressed as estimated mean ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI).