Figure 1.

Roles of PGPR in alleviating salinity stress in plants. (A) represents the application of PGPR as microbial beneficial tools in seed biopriming technique and as green bioinoculants in seedlings treatment. The primed seeds demonstrate rapid germination and robust, uniform seedlings. (B) shows positive effects of PGPR on vegetative parameters and physio-biochemical indexes in PGPR-inoculated plants via various mechanisms e.g., production of OS, AEs to reduce osmotic and ionic stress, and EPS suppress toxic ions uptake and ion exposure. The fluctuation of AEs and OS profiles in PGPR-treated plants is also displayed in the left panel. The middle panel demonstrates key characteristics of PGPR including the production of Sid, phytohormones, EPS, N fixation and P solubilization. The lower panel emphasizes the importance of ACC deaminase-producing PGPR in ameliorating the inhibitory effects of excess ethylene on plant growth.