Table 2.
The use of PGPR in seed biopriming technique for improving salinity stress tolerance in plants.
| PGPR | Treatments | GP | PhoPs | AEs | MDA | Ion Content | Pro | Ethylene | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
S. maltophilia SBP-9. Bacterized wheat seeds with S. maltophilia SBP-9 for 1 h. |
Control | [102] | |||||||
| 0 mM NaCl + SBP-9 | ↑ 15% SL, ↑ 10% RL, ↑ 12% SFW, ↑ 17% SDW, ↑ 33% RFW, ↑ 9% RDW |
↑ 8% Tchl | ↑ 33% SOD ↑ 20% CAT ↑ 33% POD |
↓ 27% | In shoot: ↓ 4% Na+, ↑ 12% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.54 | ↓ 10% | N/A | ||
| 150 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 11% SL, ↓ 5% RL, ↓ 8% SFW, ↓ 24% SDW, ↓ 11% RFW, ↓ 23% RDW |
↓ 15% Tchl | ↑ 58% SOD ↑ 7% CAT ↑ 67% POD |
↑ 17% | In shoot: ↑ 48% Na+, ↓ 17% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~1.12 | ↑ 74% | |||
| 150 mM NaCl + SBP-9 | ↑ 4% SL, ↑ 15% RL, ↑ 4% SFW, ↑ 7% SDW, ↑ 22% RFW, ↓ 5% RDW |
↑ 5% Tchl | ↑ 133% SOD ↑ 93% CAT ↑ 133% POD |
↓ 13% | In shoot: ↑ 20% Na+, ↑ 3% K+ Na+/K+ ratio ~0.73 | ↑ 23% | |||
| 200 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 37% SL, ↓ 20% RL, ↓ 32% SFW, ↓ 38% SDW, ↓ 33% RFW, ↓ 64% RDW |
↓ 59% Tchl | ↑ 217% SOD ↑ 100% CAT ↑ 192% POD |
↑ 93% | In shoot: ↑ 107% Na+, ↓ 25% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~1.73 | ↑ 165% | |||
| 200 mM NaCl + SBP-9 | ↓ 11% SL, ↓ 5% RL, ↓ 16% SFW, ↓ 17% SDW, ↓ 6% RFW, ↓ 41% RDW |
↓ 39% Tchl | ↑ 350% SOD ↑ 180% CAT ↑ 283% POD |
↑ 50% | In shoot: ↑ 54% Na+, ↓ 3% K+ Na+/K+ ratio ~1 | ↑ 110% | |||
|
Enterobacter P23. Seeds of Oryza sativa cv. Ratna treated with bacterial suspension. |
Control | [49] | |||||||
| 150 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 51% GP, ↓ 97% SVI, ↓ 45% SFW, ↓ 58% SDW, ↓ 33% SL, ↓ 39% RFW, ↓ 63% RDW, ↓ 44% RL |
↓ 54% Chl a ↓ 80% Chl b ↓ 56% Tchl |
↑ 120% SOD ↑ 112% CAT ↑ 174% POD ↑ 700% PPO |
↑ 300% | N/A | ↑ 175% | N/A | ||
| 150 mM NaCl + P23 | ↓ 22% GP, ↓ 58% SVI, ↓ 16% SFW, ↓ 11% SL, ↓ 23% SDW, ↓ 15% RFW, ↓ 30% RDW, ↓ 11% RL |
↓ 13% Chl a ↓ 10% Chl b ↓ 8% Tchl |
↑ 32% SOD ↑ 46% CAT ↑ 70% POD ↑ 300% PPO |
↑ 195% | ↑ 75% | ||||
|
B. pumilus FAB10. Wheat seeds cv. 343 treated with FAB10. |
Control | [51] | |||||||
| 75 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 17% SL, ↓ 35% RL, ↓ 49% SDW, ↓ 53% RDW, ↓ 35% SpDW, ↓ 21% GY, ↓ 17% GPr |
N/A | ↑ 20% SOD ↑ 40% CAT ↑ 50% GR |
↑ 189% | N/A | ↑ 105% | |||
| 125 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 24% SL, ↓ 49% RL, ↓ 42% SDW, ↓ 67% RDW, ↓ 48% SpDW, ↓ 31% GY, ↓ 22% GPr |
↑ 23% SOD ↑ 80% CAT ↑ 75% GR |
↑ 189% | ↑ 146% | |||||
| 250 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 35% SL, ↓ 52% RL, ↓ 40% SDW, ↓ 76% RDW, ↓ 61% SpDW, ↓ 41% GY, ↓ 29% GPr |
↑ 25% SOD ↑ 80% CAT ↑ 75% GR |
↑ 260% | ↑ 171% | |||||
| 75 mM NaCl + FAB10 | ↓ 13% SL, ↓ 11% RL, ↓ 13% SDW, ↓ 20% RDW, ↓ 4% SpDW, ↓ 3% GY, ↓ 11% GPr |
↑ 5% SOD ↓ 20% CAT ↓ 25% GR |
↑ 103% | ↑ 77% | |||||
| 125 mM NaCl + FAB10 | ↓ 17% SL, ↓ 22% RL, ↓ 18% SDW, ↓ 43% RDW, ↓ 9% SpDW, ↓ 13% GY, ↓ 16% GPr |
↑ 10% SOD ↑ 20% CAT ↑ 0% GR |
↑ 180% | ↑ 123% | |||||
| 250 mM NaCl + FAB10 | ↓ 25% SL, ↓ 24% RL, ↓ 18% SDW, ↓ 51% RDW, ↓ 61% SpDW, ↓ 25% GY, ↓ 27% GPr |
↑ 12% SOD ↑ 20% CAT ↑ 0% GR |
↑ 237% | ↑ 139% | |||||
|
Consortium (R. leguminosarum + A. chroococcum) and/or Mel. Vicia faba seeds were treated with the consortium as peat-based inoculant and/or Mel solution |
Saline soil Control | [124] | |||||||
| 25 µM Mel + Unprimed | ↑ 6% SL, ↑ 37% NL, ↑ 18% SFW, ↑ 24% SDW, ↑ 23% Y |
↑ 6% Chl a ↑ 11% Chl b ↑ 9% Car |
N/A | N/A | N/A | ↑ 17% | N/A | ||
| 50 µM Mel + Unprimed | ↑ 24% SL, ↑ 56% NL, ↑ 41% SFW, ↑ 36% SDW, ↑ 41% Y |
↑ 30% Chl a ↑ 26% Chl b ↑ 18% Car |
↑ 30% | ||||||
| 100 µM Mel + Unprimed | ↑ 41% SL, ↑ 93% NL, ↑ 72% SFW, ↑ 78% SDW, ↑ 58% Y |
↑ 44% Chl a ↑ 80% Chl b ↑ 35% Car |
↑ 39% | ||||||
| 0 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 18% SL, ↑ 43% NL, ↑ 25% SFW, ↑ 36% SDW, ↑ 48% Y |
↑ 31% Chl a ↑ 35% Chl b ↑ 28% Car |
↑ 44% | ||||||
| 25 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 30% SL, ↑ 79% NL, ↑ 49% SFW, ↑ 56% SDW, ↑ 71% Y |
↑ 42% Chl a ↑ 59% Chl b ↑ 43% Car |
↑ 57% | ||||||
| 50 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 70% SL, ↑ 97% NL, ↑ 68% SFW, ↑ 68% SDW, ↑ 82% Y |
↑ 56% Chl a ↑ 107% Chl b ↑ 66% Car |
↑ 89% | ||||||
| 100 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 74% SL, ↑ 118% NL, ↑ 98% SFW, ↑ 104% SDW, ↑ 96% Y | ↑ 71% Chl a ↑ 118% Chl b ↑ 71% Car |
↑ 110% | ||||||
| Non-saline soil Control | |||||||||
| 25 µM Mel + Unprimed | ↑ 6% SL, ↑ 14% NL, ↑ 10% SFW, ↑ 21% SDW, ↑ 18% Y |
↑ 9% Chl a ↑ 10% Chl b ↑ 4% Car |
↑ 5% | ||||||
| 50 µM Mel + Unprimed | ↑ 12% SL, ↑ 35% NL, ↑ 23% SFW, ↑ 31% SDW, ↑ 29% Y |
↑ 11% Chl a ↑ 24% Chl b ↑ 21% Car |
↑ 11% | ||||||
| 100 µM Mel + Unprimed | ↑ 16% SL, ↑ 49% NL, ↑ 38% SFW, ↑ 69% SDW, ↑ 32% Y |
↑ 16% Chl a ↑ 34% Chl b ↑ 24% Car |
↑ 45% | ||||||
| 0 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 20% SL, ↑ 28% NL, ↑ 14% SFW, ↑ 27% SDW, ↑ 17% Y |
↑ 17% Chl a ↑ 24% Chl b ↑ 21% Car |
↑ 36% | ||||||
| 25 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 29% SL, ↑ 49% NL, ↑ 24% SFW, ↑ 46% SDW, ↑ 25% Y |
↑ 23% Chl a ↑ 30% Chl b ↑ 30% Car |
↑ 94% | ||||||
| 50 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 45% SL, ↑ 55% NL, ↑ 33% SFW, ↑ 57% SDW, ↑ 38% Y |
↑ 26% Chl a ↑ 42% Chl b ↑ 33% Car |
↑ 110% | ||||||
| 100 µM Mel + Primed | ↑ 49% SL, ↑ 76% NL, ↑ 52% SFW, ↑ 87% SDW, ↑ 45% Y |
↑ 30% Chl a ↑ 29% Chl b ↑ 40% Car |
↑ 139% | ||||||
|
A. aneurinilyticus ACC02, Paenibacillus ACC06 and Consortium (ACC02+ ACC06). French bean seeds inoculated with ACC02, ACC06 and consortium (ACC02 + ACC06) |
Control | [88] | |||||||
| 0 mM NaCl + ACC02 | ↑ 10% SL, ↑ 50% RL, ↑ 158% SFW, ↑ 10% SDW, ↑ 50% RFW, ↑ 21% RDW |
↑ 36% Tchl | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ↑ 9% | ||
| 0 mM NaCl + ACC06 | ↑ 30% SL, ↑ 30% RL, ↑ 216% SFW, ↑ 10% SDW, ↑ 60% RFW, ↑ 14% RDW |
↑ 29% Tchl | ↓ 9% | ||||||
| 0 mM NaCl + Consortium | ↑ 50% SL, ↑ 70% RL, ↑ 233% SFW, ↑ 80% SDW, ↑ 90% RFW, ↑ 85% RDW |
↑ 57% Tchl | ↑ 27% | ||||||
| 25 mM NaCl + Unprimed | |||||||||
| 25 mM NaCl + ACC02 | ↑ 33% SL, ↑ 79% RL, ↑ 120% SFW, ↑ 300% SDW, ↑ 46% RFW, ↑ 182% RDW |
↑ 28% Tchl | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ↓ 38% | ||
| 25 mM NaCl + ACC06 | ↑ 47% SL, ↑ 58% RL, ↑ 120% SFW, ↑ 350% SDW, ↑ 36% RFW, ↑ 142% RDW |
↑ 35% Tchl | ↓ 42% | ||||||
| 25 mM NaCl + Consortium | ↑ 60% SL, ↑ 110% RL, ↑ 255% SFW, ↑ 425% SDW, ↑ 81% RFW, ↑ 220% RDW |
↑ 57% Tchl | ↓ 61% | ||||||
|
P. fluorescence, B. pumilus, E. aurantiacum and consortium (P. fluorescence + B. pumilus + E.aurantiacum) Wheat seeds soaked in bacterial inoculant containing single PGPR strains or the consortium of three bacterial cultures for 2 h. Saline soil ECe 13.41 |
Unprimed seeds | [122] | |||||||
| Seeds primed with P. fluorescence |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 5% SL, ↑ 7% RL, ↑ 3% SFW, ↑ 2% SDW, ↑ 33% 100 GW, ↓ 13% RFW, ↓ 29% RDW Aas-11: ↑ 11% SL, ↑ 24% RL, ↑ 48% SFW, ↑ 144% RFW, ↑ 57% SDW, ↑ 75% RDW, ↑ 23% 100 GW |
N/A |
Galaxy-13: ↓ 30% SOD ↓ 0% POD ↑ 27% CAT Aas-11: ↓ 57% SOD ↓ 14% POD ↑ 25% CAT |
N/A |
Galaxy-13: In root: ↑ 50% Na+, ↑ 40% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.19 In shoot: ↑ 28% Na+, ↑ 23% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~3.9 Aas-11: In root: ↓ 13% Na+, ↑ 99% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.16. In shoot: ↑ 92% Na+, ↑ 16% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~3.4 |
Galaxy-13: ↓ 20% Aas-11: ↑ 33% |
N/A | ||
| Seeds primed with B. pumilus |
Galaxy-13: ↓ 7% SL, ↓ 18% SFW, ↓ 26% SDW, ↓ 8% RFW, ↓ 57% RDW, ↑ 67% RL, 31% 100 GW Aas-11: ↑ 13% SL, ↑ 21% RL, ↑ 61% SFW, ↑ 678% RFW, ↑ 66% SDW, ↑ 838% RDW, ↑ 53% 100 GW |
Galaxy-13: ↓ 35% SOD ↓ 5% POD ↑ 4% CAT Aas-11: ↓ 65% SOD ↓ 38% POD ↑ 35% CAT |
Galaxy-13: In root: ↑ 0% Na+, ↑ 34% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.13 In shoot: ↓ 8% Na+, ↓ 19% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~4.3 Aas-11: In root: ↓ 13% Na+, ↑ 195% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.11. In shoot: ↑ 59% Na+, ↓ 12% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~3.7 |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 287% Aas-11: ↑ 150% |
|||||
| Seeds primed with E.aurantiacum |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 6% SL, ↑ 47% RL, ↑ 3% SFW, ↑ 49% 100 GW, ↓ 17% RFW, ↓ 2% SDW, ↓ 28% RDW Aas-11: ↑ 10% SL, ↑ 7% RL, ↑ 52% SFW, ↑ 511% RFW, ↑ 71% SDW, ↑ 713% RDW, ↑ 47% 100 GW |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 2% SOD ↑ 48% CAT ↓ 43% POD Aas-11: ↓ 65% SOD ↓ 57% POD ↓ 5% CAT |
Galaxy-13: In root: ↑ 33% Na+, ↑ 34% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.18 In shoot: ↑ 27% Na+, ↑ 0% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~4.77. Aas-11: In root: ↓ 13% Na+, ↑ 286% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.08 In shoot: ↑ 40% Na+, ↑ 22% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~2.36 |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 227% Aas-11: ↑ 110% |
|||||
| Seeds primed with a consortium |
Galaxy-13: ↓ 1% SL, ↑ 73% RL, ↑ 6% SFW, ↑ 30% RFW, ↑ 7% SDW, ↑ 43% RDW, ↑ 53% 100 GW Aas-11: ↑ 13% SL, ↑ 3% RL, ↑ 65% SFW, ↑ 556% RFW, ↑ 77% SDW, ↑ 725% RDW, ↑ 48% 100 GW |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 37% SOD ↓ 32% POD ↓ 6% CAT Aas-11: ↓ 57% SOD ↑ 24% POD ↑ 28% CAT |
Galaxy-13: In root: ↑ 0% Na+, ↑ 114% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.08 In shoot: ↑ 17% Na+, ↑ 15% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~3.8 Aas-11: In root: ↑ 0% Na+, ↑ 173% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.13 In shoot: ↑ 68% Na+, ↑ 30% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~2.67 |
Galaxy-13: ↑ 327% Aas-11: ↑ 17% |
|||||
|
Sphingobacterium BHU-AV3. Bacterized tomato seeds with BHU-AV3 for 24h |
Control | [47] | |||||||
| 200 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 52% SL, ↓ 49% RL, ↓ 54% TPDW |
↓ 44% Tchl | In shoot: ↑ 90% SOD ↑ 260% POD ↑ 100% PPO In root: ↑ 83% SOD ↑ 100% POD ↑ 53% PPO |
N/A | In shoot: ↑ 258% Na+, ↓ 63% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~3.6 In root: ↑ 190% Na+, ↓ 53% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~3.5 |
In shoot: ↑ 153% In root: ↑ 56% |
N/A | ||
| 0 mM NaCl + BHU-AV3 | ↓ 11.3% SL, ↑ 16% RL, ↑ 11% TPDW |
↑ 5% Tchl | In shoot: ↓ 20% SOD ↓ 0% POD ↓ 25% PPO In root: ↑ 16% SOD ↑ 6% POD ↓ 12% PPO |
In shoot: ↑ 9% Na+, ↑ 9% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.3 In root: ↓ 5% Na+, ↑ 8% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.5 |
In shoot: ↓ 7% In root: ↓ 5% |
||||
| 200 mM NaCl + BHU-AV3 | ↓ 30% SL, ↓ 22% RL, ↓ 29% TPDW |
↓ 14% Tchl | In shoot: ↑ 10% SOD ↑ 1000% POD ↑ 50% PPO In root: ↑ 117% SOD ↑ 200% POD ↑ 71% PPO |
In shoot: ↑ 130% Na+, ↓ 20% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~1 In root: ↑ 115% Na+, ↓ 24% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~1.6 |
In shoot: ↑ 84% In root: ↑ 111% |
||||
|
K. sacchari MSK1. Mung bean seeds primed with MSK1 |
Control | [36] | |||||||
| 50 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 8% SL, ↓ 8% RL, ↓ 5% SDW, ↓ 5% RDW, ↓ 15% SY, ↓ 3% GP |
↓ 15% Tchl ↓ 4% Car |
↑ 5% GR, ↑ 33% CAT ↑ 13% SOD ↑ 23% APX |
↑ 32% | In shoor: ↑ 100% Na+, ↑ 44% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.46, ↓ 4% N, ↓ 19% P |
↑ 63% | N/A | ||
| 100 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 16% SL, ↓ 20% RL, ↓ 10% SDW, ↓ 15% RDW, ↓ 21% SY, ↓ 6% GP |
↓ 35% Tchl ↓ 9% Car |
↑ 15% GR ↑ 58% CAT ↑ 39% SOD ↑ 45% APX |
↑ 47% | In shoot: ↑ 200% Na+, ↑ 100% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.5, ↓ 4% N, ↓ 28% P |
↑ 88% | |||
| 200 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 24% SL, ↓ 28% RL, ↓ 21% SDW, ↓ 35% RDW, ↓ 26% SY, ↓ 8% GP |
↓ 42% Tchl ↓ 19% Car |
↑ 35% GR ↑ 108% CAT ↑ 52% SOD ↑ 73% APX |
↑ 84% | In shoot: ↑ 450% Na+, ↑ 222% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.57, ↓ 12% N, ↓ 44% P |
↑ 213% | |||
| 400 mM NaCl + Unprimed | ↓ 41% SL, ↓ 52% RL, ↓ 34% SDW, ↓ 55% RDW, ↓ 34% SY, ↓ 26% GP |
↓ 62% Tchl ↓ 33% Car |
↑ 64% GR ↑ 208% CAT ↑ 96% SOD ↑ 102% APX |
↑ 153% | In shoot: ↑ 800% Na+, ↑ 378% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.63, ↓ 21% N, ↓ 59% P |
↑ 350% | |||
| 0 mM NaCl + MSK1 | ↑ 5% SL, ↑ 12% RL, ↑ 7% SDW, ↑ 15% RDW, ↑ 9% SY, ↑ 7% GP |
↑ 29% Tchl ↑ 7% Car |
↓ 9% GR ↓ 33% CAT ↓ 22% SOD ↓ 9% APX |
↓ 37% | In shoot: ↓ 67% Na+, ↓ 22% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.14, ↑ 9% N, ↑ 15% P |
↓ 25% | |||
| 50 mM NaCl + MSK1 | ↓ 3% SL, ↑ 4% RL, ↓ 2% SDW, ↑ 3% RDW, ↑ 10% SY, ↑ 2% GP |
↓ 3% Tchl ↓ 0% Car |
↑ 2% GR ↑ 8% CAT ↑ 9% SOD ↑ 9% APX |
↑ 11% | In shoot: ↑ 33% Na+, ↑ 22% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.36, ↓ 1% N, ↓ 41% P |
↑ 30% | |||
| 100 mM NaCl + MSK1 | ↓ 8% SL, ↓ 12% RL, ↓ 7% SDW, ↓ 10% RDW, ↓ 19% SY, ↓ 5% GP |
↓ 31% Tchl ↓ 8% Car |
↑ 11% GR ↑ 50% CAT ↑ 22% SOD ↑ 32% APX |
↑ 37% | In shoot: ↑ 183% Na+, ↑ 89% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.5, ↓ 4% N, ↓ 22% P |
↑ 75% | |||
| 200 mM NaCl + MSK1 | ↓ 22% SL, ↓ 16% RL, ↓ 17% SDW, ↓ 25% RDW, ↓ 24% SY, ↓ 7% GP |
↓ 35% Tchl ↓ 13% Car |
↑ 33% GR ↑ 100% CAT ↑ 48% SOD ↑ 64% APX |
↑ 79% | In shoot: ↑ 433% Na+, ↑ 211% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.57, ↓ 9% N, ↓ 37% P |
↑ 200% | |||
| 400 mM NaCl + MSK1 | ↓ 35% SL, ↓ 24% RL, ↓ 32% SDW, ↓ 48% RDW, ↓ 32% SY, ↓ 25% GP |
↓ 54% Tchl ↓ 27% Car |
↑ 60% GR ↑ 192% CAT ↑ 91% SOD ↑ 91% APX |
↑ 137% | In shoot: ↑ 783% Na+, ↑ 367% K+, Na+/K+ ratio ~0.63, ↓ 19% N, ↓ 57% P |
↑ 325% | |||
Note: All calculations in the Table 2 represent the comparisons between the treated plants and the control plants (non-stress conditions and un-priming) except that the control plants in the study of Nawaz et al. (2020) [122] were cultivated in the saline soil ECe ~13.41. The up arrowhead (↑) indicates an increase in a tested parameter as compared to the control. The down arrowhead (↓) displays a reduction in a tested parameter relative to the control. Abbreviation in the Table 2: A. calcoaceticus, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus; A. aneurinilyticus, Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus; A. chroococcum, Azotobacter chroococcum; AEs, Antioxidant enzymes; APX, Ascorbate peroxidase; B. pumilus, Bacillus pumilus; Car, Carotenoids; CAT, Catalase; Chl, Chlorophyll; E. aurantiacum, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum; GP, Germination percentage; GPr, Grain protein; GR, Glutathione reductase; GW, Grain weight; GY, Grain yield; K. sacchari, Kosakonia sacchari; MDA, Malondialdehyde; Mel, Melatonin; N/A, Not available; NL, Number of leaves per plant; P. fluorescence, Pseudomonas fluorescence; PhoPs, Photosynthetic pigments; POD, Peroxidase; P. putida, Pseudomonas putida; PPO, Polyphenol oxidase; RDW, Root dry weight; RFW, Root fresh weight; R. leguminosarum, Rhizobium leguminosarum; RL, Root length; SDW, Shoot dry weight; SFW, Shoot fresh weight; SL, Shoot length; S. maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; SpDW, Spike dry weight; SVI, Seedling vigor index; SY, Seed yield; Tchl, Total chlorophyll; TPDW, Total plant dry weight; Y, Yield.