Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of study variables.
| Finland | United States | South Korea | Spain | All | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | Scale | M/% | M/% | M/% | M/% | M/% |
| Problem gambling (SOGS) | 0–20 | 1.59 | 1.26 | 0.73 | 1.81 | 1.35 |
| ≥8 points | 3.67% | 3.63% | 1.76% | 6.27% | 3.84% | |
| Independent variables | ||||||
| Intrapersonal | Scale | M/% | M/% | M/% | M/% | M/% |
| Gender (male) | F/M | 50.00% | 49.83% | 49.58% | 51.24% | 50.17% |
| Age | 15–25 | 21.29 | 20.05 | 20.61 | 20.07 | 20.50 |
| Impulsivity | 0–5 | 1.96 | 1.90 | 1.56 | 2.05 | 1.87 |
| Self-esteem | 1–10 | 5.99 | 6.04 | 5.81 | 6.10 | 5.99 |
| Risk-taking | 1–10 | 5.12 | 5.74 | 4.21 | 5.41 | 5.12 |
| Interpersonal | Scale | M/% | M/% | M/% | M/% | M/% |
| Perceived social support (high) | low/high | 52.92% | 41.34% | 23.07% | 48.76% | 41.57% |
| Belonging offline | 1–10 | 6.73 | 6.78 | 6.69 | 7.11 | 6.83 |
| Belonging online | 1–10 | 5.04 | 5.38 | 4.38 | 4.91 | 4.93 |
| Social media identity bubble | 1–10 | 4.63 | 5.96 | 5.26 | 5.75 | 5.40 |
| Conformity to group norms | 0–4 | 1.27 | 1.66 | 1.67 | 1.79 | 1.60 |
| Organizational | Scale | % | % | % | % | % |
| Consumer debt | No/yes | 12.17% | 9.32% | 5.54% | 8.83% | 8.97% |
| Online casino participation | No/yes | 42.33% | 18.23% | 8.05% | 28.22% | 24.23% |
| Online gambling community participation | No/yes | 14.42% | 13.94% | 7.13% | 25.58% | 15.30% |
| Pop-up gambling advertisements | Never | 9.00% | 27.15% | 37.58% | 8.17% | 20.43% |
| Max monthly | 59.58% | 53.80% | 49.92% | 53.71% | 54.26% | |
| Weekly | 31.42% | 19.06% | 12.5% | 38.12% | 25.31% |