Table A2.

Alternative linear, logistic, and zero-inflated negative binomial regression models predicting gambling problems.

	Linear		Logistic				ZINB
	β	p	OR	95%	CI	p	IRR	95%	CI	p
Intrapersonal
Male gender	0.11	<0.001	1.96	1.36	2.82	<0.001	1.30	1.20	1.40	<0.001
Age	0.02	0.145	1.01	0.95	1.07	0.725	0.99	0.97	1.00	0.039
Impulsivity	0.10	<0.001	1.33	1.19	1.48	<0.001	1.08	1.06	1.11	<0.001
Self-esteem	−0.03	0.042	0.90	0.82	0.99	0.030	0.97	0.95	0.99	0.005
Risk-taking	0.08	<0.001	1.07	0.99	1.17	0.099	1.03	1.01	1.04	0.007
Interpersonal
Perceived social support (high)	−0.07	<0.001	0.70	0.47	1.04	0.076	0.90	0.82	0.98	0.018
Belonging offline	−0.02	0.178	0.91	0.81	1.01	0.080	0.96	0.94	0.99	0.004
Belonging online	0.03	0.052	1.08	0.99	1.17	0.068	1.02	1.00	1.04	0.013
Social media identity bubble	0.03	0.029	1.13	1.01	1.26	0.035	1.02	1.00	1.05	0.074
Conformity to group norm	0.04	<0.001	1.08	0.92	1.27	0.349	1.04	1.01	1.08	0.016
Organizational
Consumer debt	0.11	<0.001	2.91	2.00	4.23	<0.001	1.23	1.11	1.36	<0.001
Online casino participation	0.22	<0.001	2.56	1.58	4.14	<0.001	1.20	1.09	1.32	<0.001
Online gambling comm. partic.	0.28	<0.001	2.68	1.70	4.20	<0.001	1.39	1.26	1.54	<0.001
Pop-up gambling adv. (ref. never)
Max monthly	0.03	0.014	1.39	0.67	2.90	0.381	1.02	0.88	1.19	0.748
Weekly	0.09	<0.001	2.41	1.13	5.14	0.022	1.17	1.00	1.36	0.047
Societal
Country difference (ref. Spain) Finland	0.00	0.929	0.76	0.48	1.20	0.237	1.06	0.94	1.18	0.348
The U.S.	−0.05	0.003	0.80	0.52	1.22	0.295	0.90	0.79	1.03	0.135
South Korea	−0.06	<0.001	0.66	0.38	1.13	0.132	1.07	0.97	1.18	0.195
Model N	4546 *		4816				4816
Adjusted R2	38%
Pseudo adj. R2 (McFadden)			24%				42%

Note. * Outliers omitted from the linear regression model.