Table 1.
Pet ownership and dog ownership predicting loneliness at Time 1 (pre-COVID) and Time 2 (during COVID), controlling for gender, age, and free/reduced price lunch status.
| Loneliness Time 1 (n = 910) | Loneliness Time 2 (n = 310) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (SE) | β | p | sr | 95% CI | B (SE) | β | p | sr | 95% CI | |
| Pet Ownership | −0.05 (0.03) | −0.05 | 0.14 | −0.05 | −0.12–0.02 | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.12 | 0.039 | 0.12 | 0.01–0.26 |
| Female | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.19 | 0.13–0.26 | 0.16 (0.07) | 0.14 | 0.017 | 0.14 | 0.03–0.30 |
| Age | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.00–0.05 | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 | 0.684 | 0.02 | −0.05–0.07 |
| Free/Reduced-price lunch | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.00–0.17 | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.12 | 0.032 | 0.12 | 0.01–0.33 |
| Loneliness Time 1 (n = 514) | Loneliness Time 2 (n = 173) | |||||||||
| B (SE) | β | p | sr | 95% CI | B (SE) | β | p | sr | 95% CI | |
| Dog Ownership | −0.10 (0.05) | −0.10 | 0.025 | −0.10 | −0.19–0.01 | −0.05 (0.10) | −0.04 | 0.594 | −0.05 | −0.24–0.14 |
| Female | 0.22 (0.04) | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 0.13–0.31 | 0.19 (0.10) | 0.15 | 0.055 | 0.15 | −0.01–0.39 |
| Age | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.05 | −0.02–0.06 | <0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 | 0.877 | 0.01 | −0.08–0.09 |
| Free/Reduced-price lunch | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.05 | −0.05–0.18 | 0.19 (0.12) | 0.11 | 0.138 | 0.11 | −0.06–0.43 |
Note: sr = semi-partial correlation; B = unstandardized beta.