Skip to main content
. 2021 Mar 19;11(3):885. doi: 10.3390/ani11030885

Table 1.

Pet ownership and dog ownership predicting loneliness at Time 1 (pre-COVID) and Time 2 (during COVID), controlling for gender, age, and free/reduced price lunch status.

Loneliness Time 1 (n = 910) Loneliness Time 2 (n = 310)
B (SE) β p sr 95% CI B (SE) β p sr 95% CI
Pet Ownership −0.05 (0.03) −0.05 0.14 −0.05 −0.12–0.02 0.13 (0.06) 0.12 0.039 0.12 0.01–0.26
Female 0.20 (0.03) 0.19 <0.001 0.19 0.13–0.26 0.16 (0.07) 0.14 0.017 0.14 0.03–0.30
Age 0.03 (0.01) 0.06 0.08 0.06 −0.00–0.05 0.01 (0.03) 0.02 0.684 0.02 −0.05–0.07
Free/Reduced-price lunch 0.08 (0.04) 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.00–0.17 0.17 (0.08) 0.12 0.032 0.12 0.01–0.33
Loneliness Time 1 (n = 514) Loneliness Time 2 (n = 173)
B (SE) β p sr 95% CI B (SE) β p sr 95% CI
Dog Ownership −0.10 (0.05) −0.10 0.025 −0.10 −0.19–0.01 −0.05 (0.10) −0.04 0.594 −0.05 −0.24–0.14
Female 0.22 (0.04) 0.21 <0.001 0.21 0.13–0.31 0.19 (0.10) 0.15 0.055 0.15 −0.01–0.39
Age 0.02 (0.02) 0.05 0.27 0.05 −0.02–0.06 <0.01 (0.04) 0.01 0.877 0.01 −0.08–0.09
Free/Reduced-price lunch 0.07 (0.06) 0.05 0.25 0.05 −0.05–0.18 0.19 (0.12) 0.11 0.138 0.11 −0.06–0.43

Note: sr = semi-partial correlation; B = unstandardized beta.