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. 2021 Mar 20;11(3):182. doi: 10.3390/metabo11030182

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Regulation of DAPG biosynthesis in Pseudomonas spp. DAPG production is regulated at the transcriptional level by the TetR repressors PhlH and PhlF, and at the posttranscriptional level via the Gac/Rsm pathway. PhlF binds as a dimer to the operator phO, located between phlF and phlA and represses the expression of phlABCD. When DAPG and MAPG concentrations increase, MAPG and DAPG interact with PhlF, dissociating the phO-PhlF complex and relieving phlACBD transcription. Likewise, PhlH binds to an operator, located between phlH and phlG and represses phlG expression. DAPG and MAPG can dissociate PhlF-DNA binding and relieve phlG expression. Upon reception of an environmental cue, GacS activate GacA by phosphotransfer. GacA activates the transcription of several small non-coding RNAs (RsmX, RsmY and RsmZ), which in turn sequester the RNA-binding proteins RsmA/RsmE, relieving phlABCD expression.