Table 2.
Several methods, experimental conditions, and matrix to obtain nanoemulsions.
| Method | Matrix | Experimental Conditions | Structure * and Size (nm) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High-speed homogenization | Gelatin (0.55 wt%) Thymol (0–0.2 g/mL) in propylene glycol Lecithin (1–2 wt%) |
15.000 rpm for 6 min | O/W 137.9 ± 4.5–333.2 ± 7.6 |
[78] |
| Pectin (1–2 wt%) Glycerol (50 wt%) Lemongrass EO (0–1% vol) Tween 80 (0.1% vol) |
15.000 rpm for 4 min | O/W 301 ± 4–1222 ± 30 |
[15] | |
| Tween 80 (4.5 wt%) Zataria Multiflora EO (6 wt%) Cinnamaldehyde (6 wt%) |
Droplet addition at 400 rpm for 10 min and 10.000 rpm for 15 min | O/W 93.2–109.1 |
[79] | |
| High-speed homogenization Ultrasounds |
Cinnamon EO 1–5% (v/v) Tween 80 |
5.000 rpm for 10 min, 750 W, 40% amplitude and 10 min | O/W 55.8–120 |
[49] |
| High-pressure homogenization | Tween 20 (3.5 wt%) α-tocopherol (3 wt%) Cinnamaldehyde (3% w/v) Garlic oil (3% w/v) Canoila oil Span 60 (1.5% w/v) |
5.000 rpm for 5 min, 69–100 MPa and 3 cycles | O/W 111.0 ± 2.0–124.8 ± 1.4 |
[35] |
| Tween 80 (1.25 wt%) Span 80 (3.75 wt%) Rutin (0.1 wt%) Soybean oil |
7.000 rpm for 5 min, 100 MPa and 3 cycles | O/W 150 |
[34] | |
| Ginger EO (1–5 wt%) Canoila oil Span 60 (4 wt%) Tween 20 (1 wt%) |
24.000 rpm for 5 min, 10.000 Psi and 3–6 cycles | O/W 133 ± 5–150 ± 8 |
[51] | |
| Ultrasounds | Tween 80 (4.5 wt%) Zataria multiflora EO (6 wt%) |
150 W, 20 KHz, 15 °C and 0–10 min | O/W 90.9–210.5 |
[50] |
| Tween 80 Thymol Medium chain triglycerides |
700 W, 40% amplitude, 30 s pulse on/off cycles (0–30 min) |
O/W 132.4 ± 2.3 |
[83] | |
| Cinnamon oil (2 wt%) 1% Soy protein isolate (98 wt%) |
25 kHz, 60% amplitude and 2 min | O/W 141.1 |
[40] | |
| Marjoram EO (1 wt%) Tween 80 (30 wt% of EO) |
Mix: 3.000 rpm, 200 W, 20 kHz, and 15 min | O/W 97.5 |
[9] | |
| Chitosan (2 wt%) Tween 80 (0.2% w/v) Zataria Multiflora Boiss EO (0.5–1 wt%) Bunium persicum Boiss EO (0.5–1 wt%) |
50% amplitude, 45 s pulse on and 15 s pulse off (6 min) | O/W 342.3 ± 2.5–506.8 ± 15.8 |
[58] | |
| Spontaneous emulsification | Curcumin (0.1–0.3 wt%) Tween 80 (9 wt%) Soybean-lecithin (1 wt%) Medium-chain tryglycerides (10%) |
Oil phase added dropwise into aqueous phase, 1.000 rpm for 60 min | W/O 126.0 ± 1.5–146.8 ± 0.8 |
[90] |
| Lime EO + corn oil (5% v/v) Tween 80 (15% v/v)-water (80% v/v) |
Mix oil phase: 30 min, 750 rpm Add aqueous phase: 30 min, 750 rpm |
O/W 21–60 |
[88] | |
| 2–10% Cinnamon oil + coconut (10 wt%) Tween 80 (10 wt%) Water (80 wt%) |
Mix oil phase: 30 min, 750 rpm Add aqueous phase: 30 min, 750 rpm |
O/W 81–343 |
[89] | |
| Point inversion temperature (PIT) | Cinnamon oil (4 wt%) Tween 80 (10–20 wt%) Water (70–80 wt%) Medium-chain tryglycerides (6 wt%) |
Mix 30 min at 25 °C, heat 67–78 °C, cool to 15 °C and 4 °C | O/W 23.5 ± 0.8–100.7 ± 1.0 |
[65] |
| Cinnamon bark oil (1%) Tween 80 or 20 (3%) Lauric alginate (0–0.375%) |
Mix 15.000 rpm, 30 min at 25 °C, heat 90 °C, 30 min and cool to 4 °C | O/W ~100 |
[84] | |
| Emulsion inversion point (EIP) | Soybean oil (20%) Tween 80 (25%) Quercetin (0.3%) Glycerol (20%) Water (35%) |
Aqueous phase added into oil phase at 12 mL min−1. Mix 500 rpm, 30 min | O/W 169 ± 2 |
[85] |
* Oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O).