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. 2021 Mar 21;13(6):1431. doi: 10.3390/cancers13061431

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The research flow chart. (a) Collecting the alveolar air. The breath was exhaled through the mouthpiece with a direct-connect three-way valve. At the first stage, the exhaled air flows through Exit 1. When the volume of the front portion of the exhaled air reaches 0.2 L, the three-way valve switches to Exit 2 and starts to collect the rest of the exhaled air, i.e., alveolar air, in a 1.0 L aluminum bag. The process of sample collection may be repeated 2–3 times to collect enough samples for analysis. (b) Delivery and analysis of an exhaled sample. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) extracts the exhaled breath from an aluminum bag and analyzes the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOC data are used for model construction, machine learning, and prediction of lung cancer.

The research flow chart. (a) Collecting the alveolar air. The breath was exhaled through the mouthpiece with a direct-connect three-way valve. At the first stage, the exhaled air flows through Exit 1. When the volume of the front portion of the exhaled air reaches 0.2 L, the three-way valve switches to Exit 2 and starts to collect the rest of the exhaled air, i.e., alveolar air, in a 1.0 L aluminum bag. The process of sample collection may be repeated 2–3 times to collect enough samples for analysis. (b) Delivery and analysis of an exhaled sample. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) extracts the exhaled breath from an aluminum bag and analyzes the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The VOC data are used for model construction, machine learning, and prediction of lung cancer.