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. 2021 Mar 20;12(3):446. doi: 10.3390/genes12030446

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The wide range of functions carried out by PARP enzymes. Chromatin remodeling: PARylation determines conformational changes of the chromatin [3]; change in methylation profile: PARP1 neutralize DNMT1 activity [20]; RNA biology: the promoter RNA (pRNA) mediates association of TIP5 and PARP1 and activates the enzymatic activity of PARP1 to PARylate PARP1 itself, TIP5, or histones [21]; other cross-talks: depicted few examples of new emerging interactions of PARP1 with some nuclear proteins; response to infection: the consumption of NAD in cells is dramatically increased by the activation of PARP1 during infections (i.e., COVID 19) [22].