Table 2.

Non-exhaustive listing of CBD studies on dogs and results.

Species (Number of Animals)	Dose/Time of Exposure	Objective	Result/Conclusion	Reference
Dogs (37)	CBD oil product at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg delivered in food, once a day for 3 days and then morning and night (approximately every 12 h).	To assess the impact of a full-spectrum product containing hemp extract and hemp seed oil on dogs with chronic maladaptive pain.	Thirty of the 32 dogs showed a significant improvement in pain reduction. The addition of a hemp-derived CBD oil appears to positively affect dogs with chronic maladaptive pain (decreasing their pain and improving their mobility and quality of life).	Kogan et al., (2020) [96]
Dogs (16)	CBD oil (2 and 8 mg/kg) or placebo oil every 12 h.	To determine basic oral pharmacokinetics and assess safety and analgesic efficacy of CBD-based oil in dogs with osteoarthritis.	Pharmacokinetics revealed an elimination half-life (T1/2) of 4.2 h. at doses of 2 and 8 mg/kg. The peak serum concentrations of CBD oil 102.3 ng/mL and 590.8 ng/mL occurred at 1.5 and 2 h, respectively, for 2 and 8 mg/kg doses. CBD produced a significant decrease in pain and an increase in activity in the group treated with CBD	Gamble et al., (2018) [97]
Dogs (23)	CBD treatment for 6 week (2.5 mg/kg per dog every 12 h).	To provide preliminary data describing the safety and effect of CBD for clinical signs relief of canine osteoarthritis associated.	Baseline data were acquired for 4 weeks, followed by the random allocation to the placebo group or CBD treatment group for 6 weeks, followed by 6 weeks with the opposite treatment. No differences were found between groups at any time point for any of the recorded outcome measures. Adverse effects associated with CBD administration included enzymes liver elevations and vomiting signs.	Mejia et al., (2021) [88]
Dogs (20)	Four groups: placebo, 20 mg/day (0.5 mg/kg) naked CBD, 50 mg/day (1.2 mg/kg) naked CBD, or 20 mg/day liposomal CBD.	To support the safety and therapeutic potential of hemp-derived CBC for relieving arthritic pain.	CBD significantly decreased pain and increased mobility. Liposomal CBD (20 mg/day) was as effective as the highest dose of non-liposomal CBD (50 mg/day) in improving clinical outcome. It was demonstrated that the widely available supplement CBD exerts robust and quantifiable anti-inflammatory properties in experimental systems.	Verrico et al. 2020 [98]