Table 1.

Multiple GCF (gingival crevicular fluid) biomarkers are involved in ERR (external root resorption). This table presents their names, pathways, and site of detection.

Biomarker	Pathway/Function	Detection Site	References
RANKL/OPG	RANKL/RANK/OPG Signaling Pathway	GCF	Alyahya et al. [37], Fukushima et al. [38], Low et al. [39], Tyrovola et al. [40], Yamaguchi et al. [13]
Interleukin-1B	Inflammatory Pathway	GCF	Bletsa et al. [41], Kulkarni et al. [42], Yao et al. [43]
TNF-Alpha	Inflammatory Pathway	GCF	Kapoor et al. [12], Bletsa et al. [41]
Dentin Sialoprotein (DSP)	BMP/Smad, JNK, ERK, MAPK, and NF-κB signalling	GCF	Ritchie et al. [36], Kumar et al. [35], Kereshanan et al. [44], Lombardo et al. [45]
Dentin phosphoprotein (DPP)	AKT and mTOR	GCF	Mah et al. [34], Silva et al. [46], Yuan et al. [33]
Interleukin-6	Notch Signaling	GCF/PDL	Yamaguchi et al. [13]
MicroRNA-29	Osteoclast regulation	GCF	Atsawasuwan et al. [47]