Table 1.
Immune system characteristics in fetal and neonatal age and effects of vitamin D supplementation.
| Immune System | Suppletion Vitamin D | Immune Health Effect | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fetal | Neonatal | ||||
| Innate | |||||
| Cathelicidin: | high | low | high | anti-microbial peptides | [88,131] |
| Β-defensin: | High | low | high | neutralization toxins | [88,131] |
| DC | |||||
| IL-12, IFN-α/β: | low | high | low | inflammation | [18,19,80,82] |
| Macrophages | |||||
| ROS, CD14+: | low | high | low | hyperinflammation | [40,132] |
| NK cells: | low | high | high | Killing infected cells | [21] |
| MDSC: | high | low | low | immunosuppression | [132] |
| Th1, Th17: | low | high | low | inflammation | |
| Th2: | low | low | low | Allergy, tolerance | [15] |
| CD8-cells: | low | high | high | Killing infected cells | [85] |
| Treg: | low | low | high | Tolerance | [31,62,85] |
| B-cells | |||||
| Antibodies | low | high | low | No autoantibodies | [133] |
| Breg | low | high | high | tolerance | [133] |