Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients distinguished by qCSI.
| All (n = 96) | qCSI ≤ 3 (n = 69) | qCSI > 3 (n = 27) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 65.87 (15.28) | 63.56 (15.86) | 71.77 (12.04) | 0.008 |
| Male, n (%) | 56 (58.33) | 38 (55.07) | 18 (66.67) | 0.300 |
| Female, n (%) | 40 (41.67) | 31 (44.93) | 9 (33.33) | 0.300 |
| Ethnicity, % Caucasian | 89 (93.68) | 64 (94.12) | 25 (92.59) | 0.782 |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 78.37 (14.71) | 80.05 (15.24) | 73.25 (11.94) | 0.074 |
| Height, mean (SD), m | 1.68 (0.22) | 1.67 (0.26) | 1.69 (0.07) | 0.661 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 41 (42.71) | 31 (44.93) | 10 (37.04) | 0.482 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 23 (23.96) | 19 (27.54) | 4 (14.81) | 0.189 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 6 (6.25) | 4 (5.8) | 2 (7.41) | 0.769 |
| BMI > 30, n (%) | 26 (27.08) | 22 (31.88) | 4 (14.81) | 0.090 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 19 (19.79) | 13 (18.84) | 6 (22.22) | 0.708 |
| Coronary disease, n (%) | 5 (5.21) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (11.11) | 0.103 |
| TIA/Stroke, n (%) | 6 (6.25) | 4 (5.8) | 2 (7.41) | 0.769 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 4 (4.17) | 3 (4.35) | 1 (3.7) | 0.887 |
| Atrial Fibrillation, n (%) | 14 (14.58) | 10 (14.49) | 4 (14.81) | 0.967 |
| CKD (eGFR < 30 mL/min), n (%) | 2 (2.08) | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 0.371 |
| Previous DVT/PE, n (%) | 6 (6.25) | 4 (5.8) | 2 (7.41) | 0.769 |
| Chronic Anemia, n (%) | 4 (4.17) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (7.41) | 0.320 |
| COPD/Asthma, n (%) | 10 (10.42) | 9 (13.04) | 1 (3.7) | 0.178 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 10 (10.42) | 10 (14.49) | 0 | 0.036 |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 3 (3.13) | 3 (4.35) | 0 | 0.270 |
| Severe Cognitive impairment, n (%) | 7 (7.29) | 5 (7.25) | 2 (7.41) | 0.978 |
| Immunodepression, n (%) | 5 (5.21) | 4 (5.8) | 1 (3.7) | 0.678 |
| Administered drugs | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 63 (67.74) | 48 (71.64) | 15 (67.59) | 0.193 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 40 (41.67) | 30 (43.48) | 10 (37.04) | 0.564 |
| Azithromycin, n (%) | 23 (23.96) | 18 (26.09) | 5 (18.52) | 0.434 |
| Darunavir/Cobicistat, n (%) | 7 (7.29) | 3 (4.35) | 4 (14.81) | 0.076 |
| Anticoagulants (therapeutic dose), n (%) | 21 (21.88) | 13 (18.84) | 8 (29.63) | 0.250 |
| Clinical features (at the moment of the ultrasound) | ||||
| Respiratory features | ||||
| qCSI, mean (SD) | 2.12 (2.89) | 0.5 (0.86) | 6.25 (2.01) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, mean (SD), breaths/minute | 20.29 (5.26) | 18.81 (4.2) | 24.07 (5.86) | <0.001 |
| SpO2, mean (SD), % | 94.07 (4.81) | 95.42 (2.43) | 90.62 (7.22) | 0.002 |
| P/F, mean (SD), ratio | 290.89 (89.66) | 330.71 (60.3) | 199 (78.49) | <0.001 |
| pO2, mean (SD), mmHg | 75.23 (41.56) | 69.65 (12.74) | 88.11 (72.4) | 0.208 |
| Diffuse lung crepitations, n (%) | 8 (8.33) | 3 (4.41) | 5 (18.52) | 0.025 |
| Bronchostenosis, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | |
| Pathological chest X-ray (n = 88), n (%) | 75 (85.23) | 51 (82.26) | 24 (92.31) | 0.225 |
| Pneumothorax, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | |
| Pleural Effusion, n (%) | 35 (36.6) | 20 (28.99) | 15 (55.56) | 0.0150 |
| Other physical examination features | ||||
| Body temperature, mean (SD), Celsius | 36.57 (2.46) | 36.33 (2.77) | 37.18 (1.24) | 0.041 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 132.6 (18.08) | 130.42 (16.5) | 138.18 (20.9) | 0.091 |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), beats/minute | 88.44 (17.42) | 88.31 (17.11) | 88.77 (18.52) | 0.911 |
| Dilated IVC (n = 33), n (%) | 2 (6.06) | 0 | 2 (20) | 0.026 |
| Reduced EF (n = 26), n (%) | 4 (15.38) | 3 (18.75) | 1 (10) | 0.547 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| Lactate (n = 69), mean (SD), mmol/L | 1.35 (0.88) | 1.31 (0.91) | 1.46 (0.82) | 0.509 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/L | 134.71 (18.88) | 135.5 (18.9) | 132.7 (19.04) | 0.518 |
| Neutrophils, mean (SD), cells/mm3 | 4857.84 (3130.76) | 4278.75 (2474.57) | 6267.82 (4063.33) | 0.036 |
| Platelets, mean (SD), cells/mm3 | 225,555.2 (88,245.85) | 215,277.18 (81,303.13) | 251,821.25 (100,840.02) | 0.100 |
| Limphocytes, mean (SD), cells/mm3 | 1517.97 (1172.77) | 1473.14 (955.24) | 1646.25 (1730.68) | 0.706 |
| Creatinine, mean (SD), µmol/L | 78.74 (21.87) | 80.41 (22.25) | 74.47 (20.63) | 0.220 |
| D-dimer (n = 70), mean (SD), µg/L | 1680.88 (4549.48) | 732.04 (1148.74) | 4053 (7966.81) | 0.078 |
| LDH, mean (SD), U/L | 333.84 (128.73) | 308.6 (113.57) | 390.85 (144.29) | 0.012 |
| CRP, mean, (SD), mg/L | 67.56 (68.51) | 48.53 (44.93) | 117.82 (92.24) | 0.001 |
| PCT (n = 62), mean, (SD), ng/mL | 0.58 (3.18) | 0.59 (3.61) | 0.56 (1.87) | 0.963 |
| BNP (n = 51), mean, (SD), pg/mL | 888.74 (4888.88) | 1246.83 (6266.91) | 333.8 (593.76) | 0.426 |
| Troponin I (n = 73), mean, (SD), ng/L | 12.13 (14.73) | 9.96 (11.52) | 17.52 (20) | 0.116 |
| Ferritin (n = 64), mean, (SD), ng/mL | 849.03 (788.7) | 765.36 (744.74) | 1062.83 (877.35) | 0.214 |
| CPK (n = 74), mean, (SD), U/L | 151.04 (270.86) | 139.87 (273.13) | 183.36 (268.79) | 0.549 |
| ALT, mean, (SD), U/L | 46.18 (41.28) | 41.33 (28.49) | 58.5 (62.23) | 0.186 |
| AST, mean, (SD), U/L | 46.2 (28.38) | 41.34 (20.61) | 58.53 (40.08) | 0.045 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Oxygen rate flow ≥ 12 L/min, n (%) | 28 (29.16) | 14 (20.28) | 14 (51.85) | 0.002 |
| NIV/OTI, n (%) | 24 (25) | 13 (18.84) | 11 (40.74) | <0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 8 (8.33) | 4 (5.79) | 4 (14.81) | 0.150 |
BMI: Body Mass Index; TIA: Transitory Ischemic Attack; CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease; DVT/PE: Deep Venous Thrombosis/Pulmonary Embolism; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; NIV: Non Invasive Ventilation; OTI: Oro Tracheal Intubation; qCSI: quick COVID Severity Index; SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; SpO2: Pulse oxymetry; P/F: pO2/FiO2; pO2: arterial oxygen partial; FiO2: fractional inspired oxygen; LDH: Lactate-Dehydrogenase; CRP: C-Reactive Protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; BNP: Brain Natriuretic Peptide; CPK: Creatin Phosphokinase; ALT: Alanine Aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase; IVC: Inferior Vena Cava; EF: Ejection Fraction of the left ventricle.