Table 1.

Antimicrobial activity of lignocellulosic compounds.

Compound	Origin	Antimicrobial Activity Tested Against	Application	Ref
Cellulose	Wood	E. coli, S. aureus	Packaging	[27]
		E. coli, S. aureus		[35]
		E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis	Tissue engineering, wound dressing	[31]
	Sugarcane Bagasse	S.aureus, T. rubrum	Skin infective	[36]
			Wastewater purification	[37]
	Tulsi	E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, Ser. marcescens	Biomedical	[28]
	Ginger	E. coli, S. aureus, B.cereus, Sal. thyphimirium	Packaging, wound dressing, surgical material	[33]
Hemicellulose	Plantago Ovata seed husk	E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa	Wound dressing, drug delivery	[38]
	Almond gum	Actinomycetes sp, Sal. thyphimirium, K. pneumonia, L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, Sal. enterica, P. aeruginosa, B. thuringiensis, B. subtilis	Food and non-food	[39]
Lignin	Softwood	S. aureus	Biomedical	[40]
	Eucalyptus	A. niger E. coli, S. aureus, Pr. microbilis, Pr. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Entero. aerogenes, B. thuringiensis, Sal. enterica serotype typhmurium and Strept. mutans	Antimicrobial additive or agent in food, textile, or chemical industry	[41]
	Spruce			[41]
	Poplar	E. coli	Drug delivery, food packaging, wound dressing,	[42]
	Acacia	E. coli, S. aureus	Active packaging	[43]
	Apple tree pruning residues	A. niger, Sacch. cerevisiae	Food antioxidant	[44]
	Sugarcane Bagasse	E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis		[45]
		B. aryabhattai, Klebsiella sp.	Natural antibacterial agent	[46]
		S. epidermidis	Antimicrobial textile	[47]
	Corn	L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, Sal. enteritidis, C. lipolytica	Antioxidant and antimicrobial	[48]
		E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, Sal. enterica	Natural antibacterial agent	[49]
	Cotton stalks	S. aureus, K. pneumoniae	Medical and technical textiles	[50]
	Bamboo	E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, Sal. enterica	Natural antibacterial agent	[51]

Legend: Aspergillus niger (A. niger); Bacillus aryabhattai (B. aryabhattai); Bacillus cereus (B. cereus); Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis); Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis); Candida lipolytica (C. lipolytica); Enterobacter aerogenes, (Entero. aerogenes); Escherichia coli (E. coli); Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae); Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes); Proteus microbilis (Pr. microbilis); Proteus vulgaris (Pr. vulgaris); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa); Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sacch. cerevisiae); Salmonella enteritidis (Sal. enteritidis); Salmonella enterica (Sal. enterica); Salmonella thyphimirium (Sal. thyphimirium); Serratia marcescens (Ser. marcescens); Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus); Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis); Streptococcus mutans (Strept. mutans); Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum).