Table 4.

Phlorotannin extracted from brown seaweed with potential anti-photoaging activity.

Phlorotannins	Seaweeds	Origin	Anti-Photoaging	Ref
Eckol	Ecklonia stolonifera; Ecklonia cava	Korea	Inhibit NF-κB, AP-1, MMP-1 expression Protect UVB-induced cell damage; (↓) Pro-inflammatory mediators	[101,103,104]
Dieckol	Ecklonia stolonifera	Korea	Inhibit NF-κB, AP-1, MMP-1 expression Protect UVB-induced cell damage; (↓) Pro-inflammatory mediators	[103,104,105,106]
Phloroglucinol	Ecklonia cava	Korea	(↓) hydroxyl and superoxide radical, intracellular ROS; (↑) SOD, GSH; Activate Nrf2/HO-1 Inhibit NF-κB, MAPK; MMP-1 expression (↓) Bax; Caspase-3 (↓) Pro-inflammatory mediators	[101,107,108,109,110,111]
Triphlorethol-A	Ecklonia cava	Korea	Protect UVB-induced cell damage; (↓) intracellular ROS; Inhibit MAPK; MMP-1 expression (↓) Caspase-3 and -9 Strong absorption in UVB spectra	[101,112,113]
Eckstolonol	Ecklonia cava	Korea	Protect UVB-induced cell damage	[101]
Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol	Ishige okamurae	Korea	Inhibit MAPK; MMP-1; -2; -9 expression (↓) Pro-inflammatory mediators (↓) cellular damage	[114,115,116]
Fucodiphlorethol G	Ecklonia cava	Korea	(↓) DPPH, intracellular ROS; caspase-9 UVB absorption	[117,118]

Abbreviations: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB); Activator protein 1 (AP1); matrix metalloproteinase (MMP); Ultraviolet B (UVB); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax) [119], Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2); Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1); Glutathione (GSH); Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK); Down-regulated, decreased (↓); Up-regulated, increased (↑).