Table 1.
Background, comorbidities, COVID-19 treatment, and anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables of the COVID-19 cohort classified according to the BMI (<30 and ≥30 kg/m2).
| Variables | WOB (n = 176) Mean ± SD; N (%) |
OB (n = 67) Mean + SD; N (%) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 (41.25–72) | 56 (44–68) | 0.678 | |
| Sex (%) | Male | 88 (50) | 33 (49.3) | 0.917 |
| Female | 88 (50) | 34 (50.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (22.92–27.34) | 34.08 (31.25–37.70) | <0.001 * | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 126.62 (20.13) | 132.58 (20.19) | 0.062 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77 (69–85) | 80 (71–88.25) | 0.085 | |
| Background (N (%)) | ||||
| Exercise | 77 (53.5) | 17 (30.4) | 0.003 * | |
| Smoking | Active | 16 (9.4) | 5 (7.7) | 0.737 |
| Former | 19 (11.2) | 7 (10.8) | 0.687 | |
| Alcohol consumer | 32 (19.2) | 11 (17.5) | 0.938 | |
| MS | 10 (5.7) | 24 (35.8) | <0.001 * | |
| T2DM | 20 (11.4) | 15 (22.4) | 0.029 * | |
| Dyslipidemia | 51 (29) | 20 (29.9) | 0.849 | |
| Hypertension | 55 (31.3) | 32 (47.8) | 0.017 * | |
| CVD | 30 (17) | 8 (11.9) | 0.329 | |
| Respiratory diseases | 13 (7.4) | 7 (10.4) | 0.439 | |
| Cancer | 15 (8.5) | 6 (9) | 0.915 | |
| Clinical Characteristics (N (%)) | ||||
| Symptoms | Mild | 57 (32.4) | 12 (17.9) | 0.026 * |
| Moderate | 73 (41.5) | 39 (58.2) | 0.020 * | |
| Critical | 36 (20.5) | 14 (22.8) | 0.940 | |
| ICU admission | 33 (18.8) | 13 (20.9) | 0.908 | |
| Mortality | 13 (7.4) | 8 (11.9) | 0.260 | |
| Radiological characteristics | Bilateral interstitial pattern | 90 (51.1) | 45 (67.2) | 0.025 * |
| Pleural effusion | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0.382 | |
| Pneumonia | Mild | 17 (9.7) | 4 (6) | 0.361 |
| Moderate | 68 (38.6) | 37 (55.2) | 0.020 * | |
| Severe | 37 (21) | 17 (25.4) | 0.467 | |
| Respiratory failure | 66 (37.5) | 34 (50.7) | 0.061 | |
| PTE | 4 (2.3) | 3 (4.5) | 0.359 | |
| Treatment (N (%)) | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 73 (41.5) | 30 (44.8) | 0.643 | |
| Azithromycin | 63 (35.8) | 29 (43.9) | 0.246 | |
| L opinavir-ritonavir | 59 (33.5) | 22 (32.8) | 0.919 | |
| Tocilizumab | 3 (1.7) | 5 (7.5) | 0.025 * | |
| Interferon | 9 (5.1) | 2 (3) | 0.477 | |
| Corticosteroids | 44 (25) | 23 (34.3) | 0.147 | |
| Remdesivir | 21 (11.9) | 13 (19.4) | 0.134 | |
| Other | 101 (57.4) | 47 (70.1) | 0.069 | |
| Oxygen Therapy (N (%)) | ||||
| Oxygen mask or nasal | 80 (45.5) | 36 (53.7) | 0.249 | |
| High-flow nasal cannulas | 27 (15.3) | 10 (14.9) | 0.936 | |
| NIV | CPAP | 3 (1.7) | 3 (4.5) | 0.214 |
| BiPAP | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 0.477 | |
| MV | Intubation | 29 (16.5) | 9 (13.4) | 0.560 |
| Mask with reservoir | 9 (5.1) | 8 (11.9) | 0.063 | |
| MV/ECMO | Vasopressors | 22 (12.5) | 9 (13.4) | 0.846 |
| Dialysis | 5 (2.8) | 2 (3) | 0.312 | |
|
Biochemical Parameters
(Mean (SD); Median (25th–75th Percentiles)) | ||||
| Leukocytes (x109/L) | 6.61 (4.33–3.37) | 6.37 (4.97–8.66) | 0.727 | |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 15.1 (9–25.4) | 16.85 (11–23.02) | 0.404 | |
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 579 (366–1190) | 591 (429–979) | 0.559 | |
| ESR (mm) | 64 (38–97.5) | 54 (32–73.5) | 0.120 | |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 8.46 (4.52–29.17) | 13.3 (6.7–38.5) | 0.174 | |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 400 (160.75–831.5) | 414 (149.25–633) | 0.836 | |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 7.1 (2.6–14) | 7.5 (3.35–14.8) | 0.568 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 102.5 (86–125) | 117 (99–141) | 0.006 * | |
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133.2 (37.37) | 144.88 (32.30) | 0.015 * | |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 31.5 (9.92) | 31.25 (8.73) | 0.999 | |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 70.46 (27.52) | 95.96 (27.95) | 0.102 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 119 (89–224) | 142.5 (97.25–156.75) | 0.896 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.79 (0.61–0.95) | 0.74 (0.66–0.93) | 0.714 | |
| AST (U/L) | 31 (23–44) | 33.5 (21.75–48) | 0.347 | |
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (19–52.75) | 32.5 (21.25–58.5) | 0.191 | |
| GGT (U/L) | 49 (25–89) | 57.5 (38.5–89.75) | 0.157 | |
| AP (U/L) | 69 (54–90) | 68.5 (54.25–92.5) | 0.600 | |
| LDH (U/L) | 263 (221.25–315) | 287 (237.5–344) | 0.047 * | |
| Troponin (ng/L) | 8 (3.75–19.25) | 6 (3–26) | 0.666 | |
WOB: patients without obesity; OB: patients with obesity; N: counts; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MS: metabolic syndrome; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ICU: intensive care unit; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; MV: mechanical ventilation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IL-6: interleukin-6; CRP: c-reactive protein; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; AP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. Quantitative data are expressed as the mean (standard deviation) or median (IQR), depending on the distribution of the variables. Categorical variables are expressed as counts (percentage). * Significant differences between WOB group and OB group (p < 0.05).