Table 2.
Background, comorbidities, COVID-19 treatment, and anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical variables of the COVID-19 cohort with and without MS classified according to the Alberti et al. criteria [20].
| Variables | NMS (n = 255) Mean ± SD; N (%) |
MS (n = 48) Mean + SD; N (%) |
p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56 (41–72) | 72.5 (64.25–78) | <0.001 * | |||
| Sex (%) | Male | 126 (49.4) | 33 (68.8) | 0.014 * | ||
| Female | 129 (50.6) | 15 (31.3) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.06 (23.61–29.31) | 31.63 (27.27–35.12) | <0.001 * | |||
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.16 (20.03) | 136.56 (18.27) | 0.003 * | |||
| DBP (mmHg) | 78 (70.25–86) | 75 (70.5–82.5) | 0.161 | |||
| Background (N (%)) | ||||||
| Exercise | 89 (46.6) | 5 (15.6) | 0.001 * | |||
| Smoking | Active | 20 (8.4) | 6 (14.3) | 0.291 | ||
| Former | 25 (10.5) | 11 (26.2) | 0.010 * | |||
| Alcohol consumer | 44 (18.9) | 10 (25) | 0.371 | |||
| Obesity | 43 (20.6) | 24 (70.6) | <0.001 * | |||
| T2DM | 15 (5.9) | 37 (77.1) | <0.001 * | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 57 (22.4) | 43 (89.6) | <0.001 * | |||
| Hypertension | 75 (29.4) | 48 (100) | <0.001 * | |||
| CVD | 29 (11.4) | 23 (47.9) | <0.001 * | |||
| Respiratory diseases | 18 (7.1) | 11 (22.9) | 0.001 * | |||
| Cancer | 21 (8.2) | 6 (12.5) | 0.342 | |||
| Clinical Characteristics (N (%)) | ||||||
| Symptoms | Mild | 69 (27.1) | 5 (10.4) | 0.707 | ||
| Moderate | 124 (48.6) | 29 (60.4) | 0.014 * | |||
| Critical | 48 (18.8) | 12 (25) | 0.135 | |||
| ICU admission | 42 (16.5) | 9 (18.8) | 0.699 | |||
| Mortality | 22 (8.6) | 14 (29.2) | <0.001 * | |||
| Radiological characteristics | Bilateral interstitial pattern | 149 (58.4) | 32 (66.7) | 0.287 | ||
| Pleural effusion | 3 (1.2) | 1 (2.1) | 0.451 | |||
| Pneumonia | Mild | 20 (7.8) | 3 (6.3) | 0.703 | ||
| Moderate | 117 (45.9) | 22 (45.8) | 0.995 | |||
| Severe | 54 (21.2) | 18 (37.5) | 0.015 * | |||
| Respiratory failure | 103 (40.4) | 29 (60.4) | 0.01 * | |||
| PTE | 6 (2.4) | 2 (4.2) | 0.473 | |||
| Treatment (N (%)) | ||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 110 (43.1) | 20 (41.7) | 0.850 | |||
| Azithromycin | 103 (40.4) | 20 (42.6) | 0.782 | |||
| L opinavir-ritonavir | 82 (32.2) | 12 (25) | 0.326 | |||
| Tocilizumab | 9 (3.5) | 4 (8.3) | 0.133 | |||
| Interferon | 13 (5.1) | 1 (2.1) | 0.362 | |||
| Corticosteroids | 71 (27.8) | 17 (35.4) | 0.290 | |||
| Remdesivir | 38 (14.9) | 10 (20.8) | 0.303 | |||
| Other | 160 (62.7) | 38 (79.2) | 0.029 * | |||
| Oxygen Therapy (N (%)) | ||||||
| Oxygen mask or nasal | 122 (47.8) | 30 (62.5) | 0.063 | |||
| High-flow nasal cannulas | 38 (14.9) | 8 (16.7) | 0.755 | |||
| NIV | CPAP | 5 (2) | 2 (4.2) | 0.351 | ||
| BiPAP | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0.539 | |||
| MV | Intubation | 35 (13.7) | 8 (16.7) | 0.593 | ||
| Mask with reservoir | 19 (7.5) | 6 (12.5) | 0.244 | |||
| MV/ECMO | Vasopressors | 28 (11) | 7 (14.6) | 0.474 | ||
| Dialysis | 7 (2.7) | 1 (2.1) | 0.793 | |||
|
Biochemical Parameters
(Mean (SD); Median (25th–75th Percentiles)) | ||||||
| Leukocytes (x109/L) | 6.62 (4.78–8.70) | 75 (70.5) | 0.870 | |||
| Lymphocytes (%) | 16.8 (9.55–24) | 6.47 (4.73–8.55) | 0.219 | |||
| D-Dimer (ng/mL) | 620 (395.5–1264.5) | 764 (435.25–1329.25) | 0.295 | |||
| ESR (mm) | 60 (36–88.75) | 60 (32.25–115.5) | 0.745 | |||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 12.55 (5.22–30.37) | 16 (5.88–58.8) | 0.349 | |||
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 418 (162–822) | 396 (167–556) | 0.310 | |||
| CRP (mg/dL) | 7.7 (3.1–14) | 7.9 (2.45–16.7) | 0.725 | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 103 (85–124) | 132 (107.25–157) | <0.001 * | |||
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 137.35 (34.45) | 132.59 (35.43) | 0.572 | |||
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 31.93 (8.94) | 25.33 (10.11) | 0.284 | |||
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 75.21 (28.72) | 60.67 (23.48) | 0.529 | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 121.5 (87.5–221.75) | 142.5 (110–165) | 0.734 | |||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.78 (0.62–0.96) | 0.92 (0.75–1.14) | <0.001 * | |||
| AST (U/L) | 31.5 (24–45) | 23 (19–48) | 0.098 | |||
| ALT (U/L) | 28 (19–52) | 28 (16.25–41.75) | 0.538 | |||
| GGT (U/L) | 49 (25–89) | 57.5 (38.5–89.75) | 0.157 | |||
| AP (U/L) | 69 (54–90) | 68.5 (54.25–92.5) | 0.600 | |||
| LDH (U/L) | 263 (221.25–315) | 287 (237.5–344) | 0.047 * | |||
| Troponin (ng/L) | 8 (3.75–19.25) | 6 (3–26) | 0.666 | |||
NMS: non-metabolic syndrome patients; MS: metabolic syndrome patients; N: counts; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CVD: cardiovascular disease; ICU: intensive care unit; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism; NIV: non-invasive ventilation; MV: mechanical ventilation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IL-6: interleukin-6; CRP: c-reactive protein; HDL-c: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-c: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; AP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. Quantitative data are expressed as the mean (standard deviation) or median (IQR), depending on the distribution of the variables. Categorical variables are expressed as counts (percentage). * Significant differences between NMS group and MS group (p < 0.05).