F30a	I buy antibiotics in shops; I buy a bag [25 kg bag]. With the right dosage, I weigh it on a small scale, then mix it in the feed.
F57a	Yes, it is easy, you buy [antibiotics] in shops, like buying water at the bar.
F50a	The feed comes ready from the firm, the feed is already medicated, they put the antibiotics in it. They tell you when medicated feed will come, you have to go 28 to 30 days without carrying animals for slaughter, because you have to have a grace period, right?
F3a	I vaccinate [sic] with tulatromicine before weaning.
F1a	We control rats only when we see them. Visitors or vehicle control, we do not need that, not that many people enter here.
F2a	I don’t need chlorine because I have an artesian well. As for control of visitors, I have a book; sometimes visitors sign, other times they don’t.
F3b	You can’t raise pigs without antibiotics.
F19a	In order to not need antibiotics, we will need a stronger animals, more resistant to diseases.
F2b	You have to do the ’shocks’ every 6 months. The last time I did it was with florfenicol [amphenicols].
F57b	You have to do the preventions [sic], right? I use an antibiotic shocks three times a year on the entire herd, try to prevent [referring to diseases] so I don’t need to spend money all the time. I do it two or three times a year and I do it in all the herd.
F15a	You have to see the case, sometimes it is not worth treating [the sow]. It is better to eliminate her.
F17a	In the pre-initial diet, for post-weaning, it is amoxicillin [aminopenicillin] in the nursery, in the initial diet it is tiamulin [pleuromutiline], then one more shock at the start of the growing phase with tiamu-lin [pleuromutiline], and at the start of the finishing phase, florfenicol [amphenicols].
F19b	"There is always colistin [polymyxin], it goes in all diets, since the nursery phase, because you must have it. The others I interchange according to the market, the price of the antibiotic […] Colistin you must have. I can use an amoxicillin [aminopenicillin], a chlortetracycline [tetracicline], or maybe a tiamulin [pleuromutiline].
F41a	Piglets are vaccinated with tylosin [macrolides] when they are born […]. After 3 days, they get iron and anticoccidials.
F60a	I use injectable ceftiofur [cephalosporins] at birth. If I don’t, I have many piglets with arthritis during lactation.
F3c	Before weaning I vaccinate everyone with tulathromycin [macrolides].
F18a	In some farms they give the piglets tulathromycin at weaning [macrolides], it is a routine management.
F35a	Talking about the gilts… 3 doses are usually made, sometimes of tylosin [macrolides], amoxicillin or another injectable medicine, or in the diet with doxycycline [tetracyclines] or tiamulin [pleuromutilins].
F61a	Here we have very few diarrheas. Everything is controlled with the medicines they use in the sows’ feed. The main thing here is cleanliness inside the nursery, right?
F18b	In fact, the farm has its cycle of medication via feed, and we follow it up, by age. The cycle is continuous. There will always be some medicated animals inside the farm. Every day there is a medicated pig at some phase.
F30b	Diarrhea ends the piglet, sometimes from one day to the next it is already dead. We add just a ’little medicine’ [remedinho] to control it.
F51a	We do some ’little shocks’. We put medicated feed for 15 days, stop, leave a month open, add it for another 15 days…
F46a	We do a lot of prevention. Both sows and piglets are like children [meaning they get sick easily]. The ’shocks’ of the sows are done every 6 months, one shock during gestation and one during lactation. But during lactation it is a type of shock and during pregnancy it is another type. This is with the help of the vet, they do not usually give the same kind of shock because they say that it creates resistance.
F18c	A doxycycline bag [tetracycline] costs up to 6 thousand reais [equivalent to USD 1600].
F35b	You pay 250 reais [equivalent to USD 68] for 50 ml tulathromycin [quinolones].
F42a	The cost is high, it is expensive, but it is worth it because you will not lose the piglet.
F31a	Of course, if you have some type of disease, it is worth it. Because otherwise it ends up giving you a loss, so using the antibiotic will end up compensating.
F57c	Today the integrated famer receives the information faster […] Often the independent farmer, as he has to pay, take it out of his pocket to have a veterinarian, to see someone, which has a higher cost, then often he does not pay for it.
F61b	When you see that it is something you know, you go with confidence and apply the medicine. If it doesn’t work we call the vet to check it out.
F41b	For diarrhea, I ’vaccinate’ with tylosin [macrolide].
F60b	Some litters I do a single dose, others I give one the day, skip a day or two and repeat, often changing the medicine. Sometimes I do injectable oxytetracycline [tetracycline].
F35c	Another day a guy who sells feed ingredients told me to use tulathromycin [macrolide] at the same time as the iron. You take 3ml of tulathromycin and take 3ml of iron from the 100 ml, you mix it in the iron flask and then you do the iron together with the antibiotics, then it is cheap.
F18d	They get a antibiotic shock in the nursery, when they leave the nursery, and in growing pen. Thereafter, only if necessary, if there is an outbreak of influenza, or something that goes out of standard.
F59a	The last resort is to take samples to isolate the strain from the bacteria and send it out, to find out what it is.
F35d	They are similar [antibiotics for people and animals], so the Ministry of Agriculture wants us to stop using them. Usually children consume them; for example. Amoxicillin is one of the most used drugs in pigs and also one of the most used in children. That’s why they want us to avoid it, so as not to cause problems for children.
F1b	Resistance for me is using a medicine and in a little while it will have no effect. If I use it too long I have to change it, like amoxicillin and enrofloxacin every half year I change the medicine, if not, it no longer has an effect.
F14a	Antibiotics do not work; it is resistant on the farm; the disease is resistant to a certain antibiotic.
F58a	Low immunity in the animal; if there is a problem with it, no medication will work.
F37a	I don’t know for sure. I had a problem with the calves, we changed antibiotics and solved it. She gained immunity, I think that’s it.
F54a	Yes they worry, the less antibiotic you use, the better. Not only consumers, even us. Because if it shows up [referring to residues in the meat], I will not be able to sell anymore; today the piglets are all identified here. If there is a problem at the end of the chain, you will know that it is from my farm.
F20a	I think that a lot of people no longer eat pork because of that, they’re afraid of antibiotics, and then these swine flu things happen. All of this makes people suspicious of pork.
F25a	When we want to fatten up a pig to eat we do it separately, only with corn and without feed, without medicines, without anything.
F23a	…to catch a pig and kill it from the farm to eat it, I don’t have the courage.
F61c	Those who buy directly from us don’t need to worry. Because they come here looking only for those pigs that we separate for us to eat, without medicines.
F38a	If they cut the antibiotics it will be like this: it will decrease production, it will make the products more expensive, the poorer farmers are going to break […] I understand that today big companies want to end small ones.
F4a	I think it would cut production in half. To start the farmer needs to have money…
F2c	The point is that pig farming is very unstable. Most of the producers that we see are all drowning in debt… I think the laws are already well controlled, I don’t see this need…
F1c	Maybe I would have to adapt, do everything right from the beginning to the end. The way I work, it wouldn’t work. I will always need to use a little more antibiotics…
F58b	Facilities, increase the housing to have a greater sanitary period.
F9a	I think it wouldn’t work here [referring to Brazil] …
F32a	It may be, but in Brazil I think this will go a long way…
F42b	They can put the law in place, but it will be difficult to control it. … See colistin, the manufacture was prohibited, they simply went there, changed the label, instead of growth promoter they put antibiotics and released again…
F16a	I think it’s good, the problem is Brazil getting it. Today I don’t think so. We would have to change the production system a lot, but then with the costs, today we are already working a year in the red, the production costs are already high…
F33a	In the near future it will be restricted. I think it’s good, no more need to use so much antibiotics […] They have to try to do something so that they don’t need more antibiotics, a stronger animal, more resistant to diseases … also encourage people, other natural alternatives, who knows?
F22a	Animal welfare is also done to use fewer antibiotics. Like sows cannot stay in stalls, they have to stay more comfortable during gestation, they won’t get sick and you won’t need antibiotics.