Table 5.
Static foot variables in participants with KOA (data reported as mean ± standard deviation)
| Study, year of publish | Foot variable (outcome) | Instrument- Shod condition | Results | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KOA | Controls | ||||
| Abourazzak et al., 2014 [18] | Prevalence of pes cavus (%) | Visual observation (FPI)- Barefoot | 58 | 77 | 0.004* |
| Elbaz et al., 2017 [29] | Achilles tendon thickness (mm) | Digital caliper- Barefoot | 17.1 ± 3.4 | 15.1 ± 3.1 | 0.009 |
| Guler et al., 2009 [32] | Hallux valgus deformity (%) | Objective manual testing, radiography (x-ray)- Barefoot | 22.60 | No controls | NA |
| Hinman et al., 2016 [35] | FPI (n, %) | Visual observation (FPI)- Barefoot | |||
| Severely supinated | 1 (1) | No controls | NA | ||
| Supinated | 0 (0) | ||||
| Normal | 44 (54) | ||||
| Pronated | 30 (37) | ||||
| Severely pronated | 6 (7) | ||||
| Levinger et al., 2010 [38] | Vertical navicular height | Objective manual testing, static footprint- Barefoot | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.542 |
| Navicular drop | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.019* | ||
| Arch index | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.04* | ||
| Ohi et al., 2017 [43] | Hallux valgus angle (°) | 3D footprint automatic (laser) measurement- Barefoot | 13.6 ± 7.22 | No controls | NA |
| Presence of hallux valgus (%) | 12.5 | ||||
| Navicular height (mm) | 30.1 ± 6.75 | ||||
| Calcaneus angle relative to floor (°) | 1.35 ± 5.09 | ||||
| Rear foot angle (°) | 6.01 ± 3.76 | ||||
| Reilly et al., 2006 [46] | Navicular height in sitting (cm) | Objective manual testing (goniometer)- Barefoot | 5.22 ± 0.94 | 5.28 ± 0.89 | 0.005* |
| Navicular height in standing (cm) | 4.69 ± 0.83 | 4.73 ± 0.98 | 0.003* | ||
| Reilly et al., 2009 [47] | FPI** | Visual observation (FPI)- Barefoot | 7.0 (−2 to 10)** | 1.0 (−4 to 8)** | < 0.001* |
| Ankle dorsiflexion during sitting (°)** | Objective manual testing using goniometer -Barefoot | 9.0 (0 to 32)** | 7.5 (0 to 15)** | < 0.001* | |
| Shakoor et al., 2008 [51] | VPT (volts) | Biothesiometer, AP radiography- Barefoot | |||
| First MTPJ | 15 ± 9.9 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | < 0.001* | ||
| Medial malleolus | 22 ± 11.7 | 12.3 ± 5.2 | 0.001* | ||
| Lateral malleolus | 22.3 ± 10.5 | 10.4 ± 3.2 | < 0.001* | ||
| Tan et al., 2020 [53] | FPI |
Visual observation (FPI)- Midfoot and arch height mobility/arch indices- Barefoot |
3 (1 to 7) | No controls | NA |
| Arch height difference (mm) | 8.8 ± 5.2 | ||||
| Midfoot width difference (mm) | 8.9 ± 3.1 | ||||
| Foot mobility magnitude (mm) | 14.8 ± 7.9 | ||||
| Van Tunen et al., 2018 [55] | FPI (n, %) |
Visual observation (FPI)- Barefoot Foot mobility magnitude calculation Navicular drop test |
|||
| Normal (scores 0 to + 5) | 9 (43) | No controls | NA | ||
| Pronated (scores + 6 to + 9) | 11 (52) | ||||
| Highly pronated (scores greater + 9) | 1 (5) | ||||
| Foot mobility magnitude (mm) | 9.6 ± 3.8 | ||||
| Navicular drop (mm) | 7.6 ± 3.1 | ||||
*Statistically significant p-value at 95% confidence interval
** Data reported as median (interquartile range)
Abbreviations: 3D three-dimensional, FPI foot posture index, KOA knee osteoarthritis, MTPJ metatarsophalangeal joint, NA not applicable, NR not reported, SAI Staheli arch index, VPT Vibratory perception threshold