Table 6.
Dynamic foot variables in participants with KOA (data reported as mean ± standard deviation)
| Study, year of publish | Foot variable (outcome) | Instrument- Shod condition | Results | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KOA | Controls | ||||
| Al-Zahrani and Bakheit 2002 [19] | Ankle plantar flexion in stance (°)** | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot | 19.01 (15.90 to 22.70)** | 30.88 (23.50 to 35.60)** | < 0.12 |
| Ankle plantar flexion in swing (°)** | 27.76 (17.70 to 26.40)** | 22.74 (15.90 to 22.70)** | < 0.02* | ||
| Ankle moment (pre-swing) (Nm/kg)** | 0.57 (0.36 to 0.78)** | 0.79 (0.61 to 0.91)** | < 0.002* | ||
| Ankle power (pre-swing) (Watt/k.)** | 1.46 (0.53 to 2.31)** | 3.86 (2.91 to 4.58)** | < 0.000* | ||
| Anan et al., 2015 [20] | Maximum ankle plantar flexion moment during STS (Nm/kg) |
3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot |
0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.343 |
| Mean ankle plantar flexion moment during STS (Nm/kg) | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.685 | ||
| Ankle planter flexion moment impulse during STS (Nms/kg) | 0.47 ± 0.16 | 0.38 ± 0.15 | 0.072 | ||
| Arnold et al., 2014 [21] | Hindfoot conronal plane ROM (o) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot | 10.9 ± 3.4 | 10.9 ± 4.3 | 0.562 |
| Butler et al., 2009 [24] | Rearfoot eversion excursion (o) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes | 10.1 ± 2.8 | No controls | NA |
| −0.030 ± 0.034 | |||||
| Peak rearfoot eversion moment (Nm/kg*m) | |||||
| Butler et al., 2011 [25] | Peak rearfoot inversion moment (Nm/kg*m) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes | −0.050 ± | − 0.062 ± | 0.38 |
| Rearfoot eversion excursion (o) | 0.045 | 0.03 | 0.96 | ||
| 10.6 ± 5.6 | 10.2 ± 3.7 | ||||
| Charlton et al. 2018 [28] | Foot rotation angle during natural walking: | 3D motion analysis system- Barefoot | |||
| Ipsilateral foot (°) | −7.8 ± 7.9 | No controls | NA | ||
| Contralateral foot (°) | −8.4 ± 5.7 | ||||
| Gardner et al., 2007 [31] | Planter flexion angle during cycling (o) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes | −6.0 ± 8.5 | − 8.9 ± 10.7 | 0.834 |
| Ankle eversion during cycling (o) | −6.8 ± 8.5 | −13.2 ± 8.4 | 0.015* | ||
| Internal rotation angle (o) | 8.1 ± 7.1 | 9.2 ± 7.6 | 0.849 | ||
| Guo et al., 2007 [33] | FPA during stair ascent (o) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes | 2.5 ± 6.6 | No controls | NA |
| FPA during stair descent (o) | 11.3 ± 8.9 | ||||
| Hinman et al., 2012 [34] | COP offset (mm) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Wearing lab shoes | −5.6 ± 4.3 | No controls | NA |
| Levinger et al.,2012a [39] | Ankle dorsiflexion (o) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform-Barefoot | 3.6 ± 3.3 | 2.4 ± 2.8 | 0.08 |
| Ankle adduction (0) | 2.8 ± 1.9 | 4.2 ± 2.1 | 0.01* | ||
| Toe clearance sensitivity in ankle (mm/degrees) | −0.1 ± 3.5 | 1.1 ± 4.5 | 0.05* | ||
| Levinger et al., 2012b [40] | Rearfoot frontal plane ROM (o) | 3D motion analysis system, force platform- Barefoot | 10.2 ± 3.3 | 12.5 ± 3.1 | NR |
| Rearfoot transverse plane ROM (o) | 8.8 ± 4.7 | 10.0 ± 4.9 | NR | ||
| Internal rotation (o) | 11.7 ± 6.3 | 15.4 ± 7.9 | NR | ||
| External rotation (o) | 2.9 ± 5.8 | 5.4 ± 6.1 | NR | ||
| Lidtke et al., 2010 [41] | COP index | Plantar pressure plate- Barefoot | −5.87 ± 5.6 | −0.45 ± 3.45 | < 0.001* |
| Nigg et al., 2006 [42] | Ankle plantar flexion (o) | Biodex system- Wearing lab shoes | 50.6 | No controls | NA |
| Ankle dorsiflexion (o) | 22.2 | ||||
| Park et al., 2016 [45] | MVIC of ankle inversion muscle group (N/kg) | Force dynamometer- Wearing lab shoes | 0.62 ± 0.26 | 0.86 ± 0.31 | 0.007* |
| Reilly et al., 2006 [46] | Ankle Plantar flexion in sitting (°) | Objective manual testing (goniometer)- Barefoot | 50.72 ± 11.49 | 52.13 ± 10.94 | 0.788 |
| Ankle dorsiflexion in sitting (°) | 10.07 ± 4.29 | 8.4 ± 3.71 | 0.000* | ||
| Calcaneal angle in sitting (°) | 2.02 ± 2.04 | −0.25 ± 2.93 | 0.000* | ||
| Saito et al., 2013 [50] | Partial foot pressure per body weight (%) | Plantar pressure sensor insoles during walking- Wearing lab shoes | |||
| Heel | 27.1 ± 11.2 | 41.7 ± 8.5 | < 0.001* | ||
| Central | 33.1 ± 11.2 | 16.5 ± 13.8 | < 0.001* | ||
| Metatarsal | 12.4 ± 7.9 | 12.1 ± 6.7 | > 0.001 | ||
| Hallux | 1.5 ± 2.2 | 3.5 ± 3.0 | < 0.001* | ||
| Lateral toes | 1.2 ± 1.7 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | > 0.001 | ||
| Tan et al., 2020 [53] | Peak dorsiflexion angle in stance (°) during walking | 3D motion analysis system, force platform-Wearing lab shoes | 14.9 ± 3.2 | No controls | NA |
| Peak dorsiflexion moment (Nm/kg) during walking | 0.15 ± 0.27 | ||||
| Peak dorsiflexion angle in stance (°) stair ascent / descent. | 9.7 ± 4.4 | ||||
| Peak dorsiflexion moment (Nm/kg) stair ascent / descent. | 1.08 ± 0.22 | ||||
| Weight bearing ankle joint dorsiflexion ROM (cm) | Knee to wall test | 9.1 ± 3.2 | |||
| Zhang et al., 2017 [56] | Contact area (cm2) | Plantar pressure sensor insoles during walking- Wearing lab shoes | |||
| Heel | 28.9 ± 2.9 | 28.6 ± 1.7 | 0.982 | ||
| Midfoot | 41.5 ± 5.8 | 36.5 ± 7.3 | 0.043* | ||
| 1st MTPJ | 13.8 ± 1.6 | 13.1 ± 1.3 | 0.875 | ||
| 2nd MTPJ | 13.6 ± 0.8 | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 0.922 | ||
| 3rd-5th MTPJ | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 0.986 | ||
| Hallux | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 0.684 | ||
| Lesser toes | 10.3 ± 1.1 | 10.8 ± 0.4 | 0.988 | ||
| Maximum force (%BW) | |||||
| Heel | 69.5 ± 15.2 | 67.1 ± 11.3 | 0.817 | ||
| Midfoot | 30.3 ± 7.1 | 23.6 ± 7.4 | 0.43 | ||
| 1st MTPJ | 32.3 ± 7.1 | 26.5 ± 6.2 | 0.037* | ||
| 2nd MTPJ | 35.2 ± 9.1 | 30.3 ± 5.1 | 0.041* | ||
| 3rd-5th MTPJ | 17.7 ± 5.4 | 16.7 ± 4.9 | 0.843 | ||
| Hallux | 14.3 ± 6.5 | 13.5 ± 5.6 | 0.901 | ||
| Lesser toes | 12.0 ± 4.7 | 12.6 ± 3.2 | 0.973 | ||
| Plantar pressure (kPa) | |||||
| Heel | 252.9 ± 52.5 | 243.7 ± 52.5 | 0.581 | ||
| Midfoot | 132.8 ± 28.3 | 116.5 ± 30.0 | 0.031* | ||
| 1st MTPJ | 295.1 ± 100.4 | 224.3 ± 62.4 | 0.024* | ||
| 2nd MTPJ | 273.8 ± 103.9 | 244.6 ± 56.1 | 0.183 | ||
| 3rd-5th MTPJ | 156.1 ± 43.1 | 157.9 ± 49.3 | 0.981 | ||
| Hallux | 231.9 ± 77.6 | 219.6 ± 79.4 | 0.531 | ||
| Lesser toes | 139.4 ± 49.4 | 142.9 ± 44.9 | 0.801 | ||
*Statistically significant p-value at 95% confidence interval
** Data reported as median (interquartile range)
Abbreviations: 3D three-dimensional, %BW percent bodyweight, AP anteroposterior, COP centre of pressure, KOA knee osteoarthritis, NA not applicable, NR not reported, MVIC maximum voluntary isometric contraction, MTPJ metatarsophalangeal joint, ROM range of motion, STS sit-to-stand