Table 1.

Mean difference in total GHQ-12 score by pain site/location (one-way ANOVA)

Ordinal general pain variable (8 pain sites)	N	Mean GHQ score	Std. deviation	Std. error
1. No pain	825	11.52	5.199	0.181
2. Chest pain	15	13.40	4.437	1.146
3. Head pain	30	14.70	5.174	0.945
4. Back pain	46	13.41	4.983	0.735
5. Abdominal pain	39	12.28	4.774	0.764
6. Lower limb pain (thigh/leg/feet)	28	11.75	5.254	0.993
7. Upper limb pain (shoulder/arm/elbow/wrist)	6	14.83	4.262	1.740
8. Neck pain	14	17.43	4.433	1.185
Total	1003	11.87	5.227	0.165
Model
Fixed effects			5.151	0.163
Random effects				1.315