Table 1.

The main reports on speech, word fluency, and sentence construction disorders associated to cerebellar and basal ganglia damage, as described by the authors; reference in square brackets

Author(s)	Language disorder	Brain structures involved/type of pathology/syndrome
	Speech
Darley et al., 1969 [1]	Ataxic dysarthria	Cerebellar disorders
	Hypokinetic dysarthria	Parkinsonism
Holmes et al., 2000 [2]	Hypokinetic dysarthria	Parkinson’s disease (PD)
Benke et al., 2000 [3]	Repetitive speech phenomena	PD
Perez-Lloret et al., 2012 [4]	Dysarthria associated to non-speech motor deficit	PD
Critchley EM, 1981 [5]	Dysarthria associated to non-speech motor deficit	Parkinsonism
Ackermann et al., 2014 [6]	Hypokinetic dysarthria, non-speech motor deficit, vocal and non-vocal aspects of emotional aspects during speech	Basal ganglia
van Lancker Sidtis et al., 2006 [7]	Dysprosody	Vascular lesion of basal ganglia
Casper et al., 2007 [8]	Dysprosody	Cerebellar ataxia
Skodda et al., 2009 [9]	Dysprosody	PD
Ciabarra et al., 2000 [10] Tany and Sakay, 2010 [11]	Stuttering	Subcortical and cerebellar vascular lesion
Juste et al., 2018 [12]	Stuttering	PD
Toft and Dietrichs, 2001 [13]	Stuttering	Subthalamic deep brain stimulation in PD
Yang et al., 2016 [14]	Stuttering	Developmental (cerebellum-basal ganglia thalamo cortical network)
Marien et al., 2018 (review) [15]	Neurogenic “Foreign accent syndrome”(FAS)	Vascular lesion of left motor/premotor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum
Keulen et al., (2017) (review and new cases) [16]	Neurogenic FAS	Posterior fossa damage
Priftis et al., 2020 [17]	Pure FAS	Right cortico-subcortical (lenticular) vascular lesion and diaschisis in the right thalamus and left cerebellum
Riva and Giorgi, 2000 [18]	Mutism	Surgery for cerebellar vermis medulloblastoma
Riva, 1998 [19]	Mutism	Cerebellitis
	Word fluency
Leggio et al., 2000 [20]	Reduced phonemic word fluency	Vascular or degenerative damage of cerebellum
Neau et al., 2000 [21]	Reduce word fluency (letter)	Vascular damage of cerebellum (unilateral left/right/bilateral)
Schweizer et al., 2010 [22]	Reduced word fluency	Vascular damage (right cerebellum)
Peterburs et al., 2010 [23]	Reduced word fluency(letter)	Vascular damage (cerebellar unilateral left/unilateral right/bilateral)
Azuma et al., 1997 [24]	Reduced letter fluency	PD
Auriacombe et al., 1993 [25]	Reduced category fluency	PD
McDow et al., 2011 [26] Pettit et al., 2013 [27]	No direct comparison between letter and semantic fluency	PD
Obeso et al., 2012 [28]	No difference between phonemic and category word fluency	PD
Henry JD, Crawford, 2004 (meta-analysis) [29]	Semantic fluency more impaired than letter fluency	PD
Ho et al., 2001 [30]	Reduced verbal fluency (decreased phonemic switching)	Huntington disease (HD)
Radanovic and Mansur, 2017 [31]	Reduced verbal fluency (in aphasic patients)	Vascular lesion of basal ganglia
	Sentence construction
Silveri et al., 1994 [32] Marien et al., 199 [33] Zettin et al., 1997 [34] Gasparini et al., 1999 [35]	Agrammatism	Vascular lesion (right cerebellum)
Justus et al., 2004 [36]	Subclinical deficit in grammatical morphology	Vascular and degenerative cerebellar damage
Troche et al., 2012 [37]	Sentence simplification	PD
Murray and Lenz, 2001 [38]	Sentence simplification	PD and HD
Giavazzi et al., 2018 [39]	Altered selection of grammatical morphemes	HD
Hinzen et al., 2018 [40]	Sentence simplification	HD
Dick et al., 2018 [41]	No syntactic impairment	PD
	Verb deficit
Signorini et al., 2006 [42] Silveri et al., 2012 [43] Cousin et al., 2018 [44] Garcia et al., 2018 [45] Crescentini et al., 2008 [46] Colman et al., 2009 [47]	Deficit in processing the word class “verbs”	PD
Cotelli et al., 2007 [48]	Deficit in processing the word class “verbs”	Parkinsonism
Frank et al., 2007 [49]	Preservation of the processing of the word class “verbs”	Acute cerebellar lesion
Richter et al., 2004 [50]	Preservation of the processing of the word class “verbs”	Cerebellar atrophy