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. 2021 Mar 22;13(3):428. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030428

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanisms of internalization in living cells. (A) Phagocytosis; (B) Macropinocytosis; (C) Clathrin-dependent endocytosis; (D) Clathrin-independent endocytosis; (E) Caveolae-mediated endocytosis; (F) Direct translocation. Other conventions: IgG, Immunoglobulin G; Fcγ Rec, Fcγ receptor; TfR, Transferrin receptor; Folate-Rec, Folate receptor; LDL-Rec, low-density lipoprotein receptor; EGF-Rec, Epidermal growth factor receptor; ER, Endoplasmatic reticulum. This figure was based on Yameen et al. and Hillaireau et al. [48,49]. Created with BioRender.com.