Table 3.
The association between low bone mass, other factors, and periodontal disease (PD).
| Variables | Periodontal Disease (CPI ≥ 3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
| Age | 1.09 | 1.06–1.13 | 1.09 | 1.05–1.13 |
| Male vs. Female | 1.61 | 1.45–1.78 | 1.39 | 1.21–1.58 |
| Education Level | ||||
| Junior high school or below vs. College or above | 1.27 | 1.13–1.44 | 1.30 | 1.15–1.48 |
| Junior high school or below vs. College or above | 1.48 | 1.29–1.71 | 1.51 | 1.30–1.76 |
| BMD < −1 vs. BMD ≥ −1 | 1.21 | 1.10–1.34 | 1.13 | 1.02–1.26 |
| History of Osteoposis | ||||
| Without medications vs. non-osteoposis | 0.86 | 0.65–1.15 | 0.86 | 0.64–1.15 |
| With medications vs. non-osteoposis | 0.51 | 0.32–0.81 | 0.47 | 0.30–0.74 |
| Smoking (Yes vs. No) | 1.70 | 1.53–1.89 | 1.36 | 1.19–1.56 |
| Alcohol Drinking (Yes vs. No) | 1.50 | 1.34–1.68 | ||
| Betel-quid Chewing (Yes vs. No) | 1.93 | 1.63–2.27 | ||
| BMI ≥ 25 vs. 18 ≤ BMI < 25 | 1.32 | 1.17–1.49 | 1.15 | 1.01–1.30 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1.84 | 1.42–2.38 | 1.62 | 1.24–2.13 |
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1.48 | 1.30–1.68 | 1.21 * | 1.05–1.41 |
* Adjusted in a separate multivariate model.