Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the patients comprising the three intervention groups.
| Parameter | Ketogenic Diet KD (n = 29) |
Low Carb Diet LCD (n = 92) |
Standard Diet SD (n = 31) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 53 (38–64) | 52 (26–66) | 53 (37–60) | n.s. |
| Karnofsky index | 100 (90–100) | 100 (80–100) | 100 (80–100) | n.s. |
| -Body composition | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.4 (18.1–35.4) | 27.2 (18.0–41.0) | 26.6 (17.6–40.2) | 0.0010 * |
| Fat mass (kg) | 20.1 (10.3–41.5) | 27.8 (6.7–55) | 23.4 (9.3–40.7) | 0.0006 * |
| Visceral fat mass (kg) | 8.2 (4.0–24.0) | 13.6 (2.9–28.4) | 13.1 (4.2–23.4) | 0.0006 * |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 41.7 (35–49.4) | 42.2 (32.5–56.7) | 38.8 (29.9–54) | 0.365 |
| Phase angle (°) | 5.68 (4.36–6.94) | 5.55 (4.43–6.61) | 5.8 (4.51–6.53) | 0.25 |
| Menopause | n.s. | |||
| Premenopause | 5 (17.2%) | 22 (23.9%) | 10 (32.3%) | |
| Postmenopause | 14 (48.3%) | 54 (58.7%) | 16 (51.6%) | |
| Unknown | 10 (34.5%) | 16 (17.4&) | 5 (16.1%) | |
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy | n.s. | |||
| No | 20 (69.0%) | 75 (81.5%) | 26 (83.9%) | |
| Yes | 9 (31.0%) | 17 (18.5%) | 5 (16.1%) | |
| Metastases | 0.0031 * | |||
| No | 19 65.5%) | 86 (93.4%) | 27 (87.1%) | |
| Yes | 6 (20.7%) | 3 (3.3%) | 2 (6.45%) | |
| Unknown | 4 (13.8%) | 3 (3.3%) | 2 (6.45%) | |
| Estrogen receptor status | n.s. | |||
| Negative | 8 (27.6%) | 14 (15.2%) | 3 (9.7%) | |
| Positive | 20 (69.0%) | 78 (84.8%) | 28 (90.3%) | |
| Unknown | 1 (3.4%) | 0 | 0 | |
| Progesterone receptor status | n.s. | |||
| Negative | 9 (31.0%) | 15 (16.3%) | 4 (12.9%) | |
| Positive | 19 (65.5%) | 77 (83.7%) | 27 (87.1%) | |
| Unknown | 1 (3.4%) | 0 | 0 | |
| HER2/neu status | n.s. | |||
| Negative | 23 (79.3%) | 77 (83.7%) | 23 (74.2%) | |
| Positive | 6 (20.7%) | 15 (16.3%) | 8 (15.8%) | |
| Anti-Hormone Therapy | n.s. | |||
| Tamoxifen | 10 (34.5%) | 54 (58.7%) | 19 (61.3%) | |
| Aromatase Inhibitor | 6 (20.7%) | 23 (25.0%) | 6 (19.35%) | |
| None | 13 (44.8%) | 15 (16.3%) | 6 (19.35%) | |
| Herceptin | n.s. | |||
| Yes | 5 (17.2%) | 13 (14.1%) | 6 (19.4%) | |
| No | 24 (82.8%) | 79 (85.9%) | 25 (80.6%) |
Continuous variables are given as median and range and categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies. The null hypothesis of no differences between the three groups was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test and Fisher’s exact test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. * p < 0.005 (statistically significant difference). n.s.: not statistically significant.