Table 5.
Summary of the commercial buildings IAQ research in different locations.
| Investigation Location |
Sample Number |
Seasonal Variation |
Indoor Material |
Ventilation | Parameters Examined |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia (2003), [76] |
20 office, 4 schools, 1 hospital & 1 old home | NA | NA | NA | VOC |
| Korea (2007), [51] |
55 schools, 30 std/class |
Summer, autumn, winter | Pressed wood desks, chairs, furnishings | Mainly naturally ventilated | CO, CO2, PM10, TBC, TVOCs, HCHO |
| Korea (2011), [55] |
17 pre-schools (71 classrooms) | Late spring and summer | Concrete, floor covered with linoleum/wood, no carpet | Naturally ventilated | TSPs, RSPs, lead, asbestos, TVOCs, HCHO, and CO2 |
| Greece (2007), [77] |
3 (office) |
Spring | glazed windows. Painted gypsum board wall, plastic tiles, no carpet | Natural ventilation | PM |
| Greece (2008), [78] |
1 (school) |
Summer, fall, and winter | NA | Natural ventilation | PM10, O3, CO |
| Antwerp, Belgium (2008), [79] |
27 (primary school) |
Winter and early summer | NA | Natural ventilation | PM2.5, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb, Al, Si, S, Cl, NO2, SO2, O3, and C6H6, C6H5CH3, C6H5CH2CH3, and (CH3)2C6H4 |
| Hong Kong (2008), [80] |
82 (office) |
NA | NA | mechanically ventilated and air-conditioned | Airborne fungi count |
| Beijing (2009), [42] |
2 (office) |
Spring and early summer | NA | Mechanical ventilation | RH, HCHO, VOCs, NH3, CO2, mold and bacteria |
| Michigan, USA (2007), [44] |
64 (school) |
Spring and early summer | Carpet | Mechanical ventilation | Ventilation rates, VOCs and bioaerosols, CO2, RH, and temperature |
| California, USA (2012), [81] |
37 (office & others) |
NA | NA | Rooftop heating, ventilation, and air conditioning units | Black carbon, PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM10 |
| Colorado Boulder, USA (2016), [57] |
1 (university) |
Spring | Latex paint in wall | Dedicated air handling unit | VOC |
| USA (2016), [82] |
14 | All seasons | NA | 2 Mechanical ventilation & 2 natural ventilation | CO, CO2, HCHO, NO2, O3, PM2.5 |
| Chennai, India (2012), [45] |
1 (school) |
Winter & summer | NA | Natural ventilation | PM10, PM2.5, PM1, CO, HCHO, bioaerosols |
| Delhi, India (2017), [52] |
3 (2 office & 1 EB*) |
June-July | Concrete flooring | Air condition | CO2, PM2.5, VOC |
| Dubai & Fujairah, UAE (2014), [83] |
16 (elementary school) |
Summer & winter | NA | NA | TVOC, CO2, O3, CO, particle concentration |
| Gliwice, Poland (2015), [84] |
2 (Nursery school) |
Winter | NA | Stack ventilation and airing |
VOC, PM, bacterial and fungal bioaerosol, CO2 |
| Netherland, (2015), [85] |
17 (Primary school) |
Winter | NA | Naturally ventilated | Endotoxin, b(1,3)-glucans, PM10, PM2.5, NO2 |
| Italy (2016), [43] |
7 school (16 Classrooms) |
Winter & spring | Single/double glazed Al/Fe window | Manual airing | CO2, particulate concentration, Rn |
| Qatar (2017), [86] |
1 (Office Building) |
Summer | NA | HVAC | PM10, PM2.5 |
| Qatar (2017), [87] |
16 (urban schools) |
Winter | Floor: vinyl or ceramic tile | Mechanically ventilated | temperature, RH, CO, CO2 and particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) |
| Turkey (2018), [88] |
4 (university classrooms) |
Winter & summer | Desk & table: MDF veneered compressed chipboards, Door: woodwork | Natural ventilation |
Temperature, RH, CO2, Rn, PM0.5, PM1.0, PM2.5, PM5.0, and PM10 |
| Europe (2016), [53] |
37 (office) |
Winter & summer | NA | Mostly mechanical ventilation | VOC, HCHO, O3, NO2, PM2.5 |
| Europe, (2019), [89] |
37 office (140 office room) |
Winter & summer | Synthetic floor covering, dispersion or emulsion wall paint, furniture: wood and derivatives (45%) or metal (31%), ceiling: synthetic |
Mostly mechanical ventilation | HCHO, VOC, PM2.5, O3, NO2, temperature, RH |
| Sweden (2019), [48] |
4 (preschool) |
All seasons | Low emitting materials | Heat recovery ventilation & heat recovery with DCV | Temperature, RH, particle-size distribution, CO2, NO2, HCHO and TVOC |
| Sweden (2019), [90] |
7 school (145 classrooms) |
Summer & winter | NA | Mechanical ventilation with DCV and centralized air handling units | Temperature, CO2 |
| Southern Italy (2019), [91] |
12 (lower secondary schools) |
Summer & winter | NA | Natural ventilation | Temperature, RH, CO2, NO2, PM2.5, biological pollutants in indoor dust (endotoxins and Der p 1) |