Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Women (n = 152) |
Men (n = 61) |
Overall (n = 213) |
p for Comparison a |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 40.2 (13.3) | 40.1 (13.4) | 40.1 (13.3) | 0.96 |
| Marital status b, n (%) | 0.92 | |||
| Married, partnership | 96 (72%) | 39 (71%) | 135 (71%) | |
| Single, separated, widow(er) | 38 (28%) | 16 (29%) | 54 (29%) | |
| Education b, n (%) | 0.23 | |||
| Primary, secondary | 16 (10%) | 6 (10%) | 22 (10%) | |
| Apprenticeship, vocational | 27 (18%) | 7 (12%) | 34 (16%) | |
| Professional school | 27 (18%) | 6 (10%) | 33 (16%) | |
| University, or higher degree | 81 (54%) | 41 (68%) | 122 (58%) | |
| Born in Switzerland, n (%) | 94 (62%) | 37 (61%) | 131 (62%) | 0.87 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Weight, kg, median (IQR) | 69.0 (62.7–80.1) | 83.6 (74.2–95.5) | 73.3 (65.0–84.2) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.6 (22.2–29.0) | 25.3 (23.4–29.5) | 24.9 (22.6–29.1) | 0.16 |
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2, n (%) | 81 (53%) | 29 (48%) | 110 (52%) | |
| BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n (%) | 40 (26%) | 18 (30%) | 58 (27%) | |
| BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2, n (%) | 31 (20%) | 14 (23%) | 45 (21%) | |
| WC, cm, median (IQR) | 81.8 (73.5–92.3) | 90.0 (81.0–101.5) | 84.5 (75.5–97.0) | 0.0001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 21 (14%) | 13 (21%) | 34 (16%) | 0.18 |
| Cardiovascular disease c, n (%) | 3 (2%) | 5 (8%) | 8 (4%) | 0.045 |
| Endocrine disorder d, n (%) | 14 (9%) | 0 | 14 (7%) | 0.01 |
| Respiratory disorder, n (%) | 20 (13%) | 10 (16%) | 30 (14%) | 0.54 |
| Metabolic syndrome (MS) e | ||||
| MS components, n (%) | ||||
| 1. Central obesity | 84 (55%) | 24 (39%) | 108 (51%) | 0.04 |
| 2. Hypertension | 30 (20%) | 26 (43%) | 56 (26%) | <0.001 |
| 3. Impaired fasting glucose | 13 (9%) | 17 (29%) | 30 (14%) | <0.001 |
| 4. High triglycerides | 12 (8%) | 14 (24%) | 26 (12%) | 0.002 |
| 5. Low HDL-cholesterol | 21 (14%) | 6 (10%) | 27 (13%) | 0.46 |
| MS by the IDF definition, n (%) | 17 (11%) | 13 (21%) | 30 (14%) | 0.055 |
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Sleep duration f, hours, mean (SD) | 7.47 (0.94) | 6.99 (0.80) | 7.33 (0.93) | <0.001 |
| Sleep quality g, mean (SD) | 5.3 (2.8) | 5.0 (2.8) | 5.2 (2.8) | 0.31 |
| Physical activity h, median (IQR) | 1289 (687–2232) | 1884 (930–2849) | 1386 (693–2598) | 0.06 |
a p-Value for comparison between both sexes calculated with Chi2 statistics (or exact Fisher test where appropriate) for categorical variables, Student’s t-test for continuous variables with normal distribution, and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank-sum test for continuous variables with non-normal distribution. b The data on marital status were available for 189 individuals, and the highest level of education for 211 individuals. c Cardiovascular disease prior to the inclusion in the study, e.g., coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease. d Mostly hypothyroidism with thyroxine replacement at a stable dosage. e The metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components were defined as follows [2]: central obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 or waist circumference (WC) ≥ 80 cm (women) or WC ≥ 94 cm (men); hypertension as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg; impaired fasting glucose for plasma levels ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL); high triglycerides if ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL); and low HDL cholesterol if <1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL, women) or <1.03 mmol/L (40 mg/dL, men). f Weighted average of sleep duration between workdays and off days. g Sleep quality was assessed among 212 individuals with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), ranging from 0 (no issues) to 21 points (extreme disturbance of sleep quality) [33]. h Physical activity was assessed among 207 individuals with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), expressed in MET-minutes per week [34].