Table 2.
Effects of TRE and SDA on clinical outcomes and eating behaviour.
| Time-Restricted Eating (TRE) | Standard Dietary Advice (SDA) | Between- Group Difference (95% Confidence Interval) b |
p for Comparison of Pre–Post Changes between TRE and SDA a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | p for Comparison (Pre–Post) a | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | p For Comparison (Pre-Post) a | ||
| Weight, kg | 79.6 (15.9) | 78.0 (16.4) | 0.01 | 77.5 (13.8) | 76.4 (12.7) | 0.19 | −0.5 (−2.4; 1.4) | 0.61 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.0 (4.1) | 27.5 (4.3) | 0.01 | 27.0 (4.0) | 26.7 (4.0) | 0.20 | −0.2 (−0.9; 0.4) | 0.52 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 92.4 (11.6) | 90.9 (12.4) | 0.04 | 90.1 (11.0) | 88.0 (10.5) | 0.09 | 0.6 (−2.0; 3.2) | 0.64 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 123.8 (11.2) | 125.1 (13.4) | 0.57 | 126.4 (10.5) | 122.3 (13.5) | 0.12 | 5.5 (−1.2; 12.2) | 0.12 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.3 (11.0) | 81.2 (10.7) | 0.36 | 81.0 (9.6) | 79.5 (11.0) | 0.36 | 3.5 (−1.7; 8.6) | 0.21 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.47 (0.37) | 1.46 (0.38) | 0.76 | 1.44 (0.29) | 1.41 (0.29) | 0.19 | 0.02 (−0.08; 0.12) | 0.70 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.35 (0.66) | 1.24 (0.57) | 0.24 | 1.19 (0.50) | 1.03 (0.36) | 0.09 | 0.05 (−0.20; 0.30) | 0.69 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.21 (0.56) | 5.04 (0.53) | 0.15 | 5.17 (0.67) | 5.29 (0.55) | 0.40 | −0.29 (−0.64; 0.07) | 0.12 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.30 (0.44) | 5.33 (0.39) | 0.55 | 5.23 (0.35) | 5.14 (0.29) | 0.02 | 0.12 (0.01; 0.23) | 0.05 |
a All p-values for comparisons were calculated with the Student’s t-test. b Mean difference comparing pre–post changes between the TRE and SDA groups (n = 25 and 20, respectively, for weight and body mass index; n = 24 and 20, respectively, for waist circumference and blood pressure (BP); n = 23 and 18, respectively, for high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)).