Table 5.
SD-TEVGs evaluated in large animal in arterial bypass using end-to-end (ETE) anastomosis (without antithrombotic therapy).
| Study Group | Model | Graft | Modification | Outcome | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D (mm) | L (cm) | Animal | Implantation site | Anastomosis | Antithro-mbotic therapy | Graft type | Material | Chemical Modification | Biological modification = Recellularization | Luminal cell type | Medial cell type | Mechanical modification = Precondition | Follow-up (day) | Patency | Graft Failure | |
| Aper 2016 [54] 1 month |
5.6 | 9 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Natural (xenogeneic fibrin) | Highly compacted human fibrin matrix | Factor XIII | Autologous | PB-EC | PB-SMC | No | 30 | 33% | Rupture |
| Aper 2016 [54] 6 months |
5.6 | 9 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Natural (xenogeneic fibrin) | Highly compacted human fibrin matrix | Factor XIII | Autologous | PB-EC | PB-SMC | No | 180 | 100% | No failure |
| Cho 2005 [55] Acellular control |
3 | 4 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Allogeneic | Decellularized canine carotid arteries | None | None | None | None | No | 14 | 0 | Thrombus |
| Cho 2005 [55] BMC |
3 | 4 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on allograft | Decellularized canine carotid arteries | None | Autologous | BMMNC-EC | BMMNC-SMC | No | 56 | 33% | Thrombus |
| Dahan 2017 [46] Acellular control |
4 | 4.5 | Pig | Carotid artery | ETE | Not mentioned | Allogeneic | Decellularized porcine carotid artery | None | None | None | None | No | 42 | 100% | Even patent but still very narrowed lumen according to the staining |
| Dahan 2017 [46] scaECM |
4 | 4.5 | Pig | Carotid artery | ETE | Not mentioned | Autologous cells on allograft | Decellularized porcine carotid artery | None | Autologous | Vein-EC | Artery-SMC | Yes | 42 | 100% | No failure |
| He 2002 [56] Type A, 1 month |
5 | 5 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on synthetic and natural graft | Autologous SMCs-inoculated bovine collagen gel layer and an EC monolayer wrapped with PU-nylon mesh | None | Autologous | Vein-EC | Vein-SMC | No | 30 | 100% | No failure, but dilation/ delamination was seen |
| He 2002 [56] Type B, 6 months |
5 | 5 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on synthetic and natural graft | Autologous SMCs-inoculated bovine collagen gel layer and an EC monolayer wrapped with an excimer laser-directed microporous SPU film | None | Autologous | Vein-EC | Vein-SMC | No | 180 | 100% | No failure |
| He 2003 [57] 1 month |
4.5 | 6 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on synthetic and natural graft | Bovine collagen type I meshes wrapped with a SPU thin film | None | Autologous | PB-EPCs | None | No | 30 | 83% | Dilation and thrombus |
| He 2003 [57] 3 months |
4.5 | 6 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on synthetic and natural graft | Bovine collagen type I meshes wrapped with a SPU thin film | None | Autologous | PB-EPCs | None | No | 90 | 100% | No failure |
| Narita 2008 [58] Acellular DU control | 3 | 4.5 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Allogeneic | Decellularized ureters | None | None | None | None | No | 7 | 20% | NR |
| Narita 2008 [58] Acellular DU control | 3 | 4.5 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Allogeneic | Decellularized ureters | None | None | None | None | No | 56 | 20% | NR |
| Narita 2008 [58] DU + EC + myfibroblasts | 3 | 4.5 | Dog | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on allograft | Decellularized ureters | None | Autologous | Vein-EC | Myofibroblasts | No | 168 | 100% | No failure |
| Narita 2008 [58] PTFE control |
3 | 4.5 | Dog | Carotid arterial | ETE | No | Synthetic | PTFE | None | None | None | None | No | 7 | 0 | NR |
| Scherner 2014 [59] BC tube |
3.5 | 10 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Microbiological derived | Bacterial cellulose | None | None | None | None | No | 84 | 50% | Thrombus formation next to the proximal anastomosis |
| Weber 2017 [44] Non-anti-platelet control |
4.5 | 10 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Microbiological derived | Bacterial nanocellulose | None | None | None | None | No | 56 | 0 | NR |
| Ye 2012 [60] PCL + heparin |
2 | 4 | Dog | Femoral artery | ETE | No | Synthetic | PCL | Heparin | None | None | None | No | 28 | 100% | No failure |
| Zhao 2010 [61] 2 months |
3 | 4 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on allograft | Decellularized ovine carotid artery | None | Autologous | MSCs differentiated ECs-like cells | MSCs differentiated SMCs-like cells | No | 60 | 100% | No failure |
| Zhao 2010 [61] 5 months |
3 | 4 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Autologous cells on allograft | Decellularized ovine carotid artery | None | Autologous | MSCs differentiated ECs-like cells | MSCs differentiated SMCs-like cells | No | 150 | 100% | No failure |
| Zhao 2010 [61] Acellular control |
3 | 4 | Sheep | Carotid artery | ETE | No | Allogeneic | Decellularized ovine carotid artery | None | None | None | None | No | 14 | 0 | Thrombus |
ECM: extracellular matrix; ETE: end-to-end anastomosis; PB-EC: peripheral blood-endothelial cell; PB-SMC: peripheral blood-smooth muscle cell; BMMNC-EC: bone marrow mononuclear cells-endothelial cell; BMMNC-SMC: bone marrow mononuclear cells-smooth muscle cell; SMC: smooth muscle cell; EC: endothelial cell; EPCs: endothelial progenitor cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; PU: polyurethane; SPU: segmented polyurethane; PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene; PCL: polycaprolactone; and NR: not reported.