Table 3.
Odds ratio (95% CI) for change in six different lifestyle habits in relation to sex, age group, educational level, occupation group, baseline level of each habits, as well as wave of COVID-19 (no change as reference).
| Negative Change in Lifestyle Habits OR (95% CI) | Positive Change in Lifestyle Habits OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Clustering of change in lifestyle habits § | Negative change in 2 or more vs. less | Positive change in 2 or more vs. less |
| Women vs. Men | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | 1.33 (0.97–1.83) | 1.99 (1.34–2.95) |
| University vs. non-university | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 1.10 (0.89–1.36) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 1.67 (1.21–2.30) | 1.74 (1.25–2.43) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 1.99 (1.55–2.55) | 1.21 (0.94–1.56) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 1.39 (1.11–1.75) | 0.73 (0.58–0.93) |
| Time spent sitting (n = 4590) | Increased | Decreased |
| Women vs. Men | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.12 (0.84–1.48) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | 1.36 (1.04–1.77) | 0.92 (0.62–1.38) |
| University vs. non-university | 1.61 (1.37–1.90) | 1.17 (0.88–1.55) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 1.75 (1.35–2.28) | 2.44 (1.47–4.04) |
| Low/moderate vs. high leisure time sitting * | 0.63 (0.49–0.80) | 1.14 (0.69–1.89) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 2.70 (2.20–3.32) | 2.19 (1.58–3.04) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 1.50 (1.24–1.82) | 0.79 (0.56–1.10) |
| Daily activity (n = 4576) | Decreased | Increased |
| Women vs. Men | 1.38 (1.17–1.61) | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | 0.90 (0.71–1.12) | 1.48 (1.02–2.15) |
| University vs. non-university | 1.10 (0.93–1.29) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | 2.03 (1.41–2.91) |
| Low/moderate vs. high leisure time sitting * | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | 1.72 (1.11–2.68) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 2.19 (1.80–2.68) | 1.47 (1.13–1.91) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 1.45 (1.21–1.74) | 0.74 (0.58–0.95) |
| Exercise (n = 4591) | Decreased | Increased |
| Women vs. Men | 1.36 (1.16–1.60) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | 1.00 (0.79–1.25) | 1.29 (0.91–1.83) |
| University vs. non-university | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 1.12( 0.91–1.38) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 1.16 (0.93–1.46) | 1.93 (1.36–2.74) |
| ≥3 times/week of exercise vs. less | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | 4.38 (3.07–6.23) |
| 1–2 times/week of exercise vs. less | 1.67 (1.38–2.02) | 2.46 (1.67–3.64) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 2.39 (1.95–2.92) | 1.38 (1.08–1.77) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 1.50 (1.25–1.80) | 0.67 (0.53–0.85) |
| Diet (n = 4579) | Impaired | Improved |
| Women vs. Men | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | 1.39 (0.88–2.21) | 1.78 (1.15–2.76) |
| University vs. non-university | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | 1.04 (0.81–1.33) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 1.93 (1.22–3.06) | 1.91 (1.27–2.86) |
| Good vs. poor diet # | 0.19 (0.13–0.30) | 1.12 (0.54–2.32) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 2.02 (1.45–2.81) | 1.27 (0.95–1.69) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 0.71 (0.54–0.94) |
| Alcohol intake (n = 5171) | Decreased | Increased |
| Women vs. Men | 0.60 (0.41–0.86) | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | 1.99 (1.01–3.95) | 2.65 (1.68–4.20) |
| University vs. non-university | 1.07 (0.74–1.55) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 1.93 (1.27–2.92) | 1.18 (0.89–1.58) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 0.85 (0.56–1.30) | 1.14 (0.89–1.44) |
| Smoking (n = 4505) | Decreased | Increased |
| Women vs. Men | 1.28 (0.47–3.48) | 1.42 (0.96–2.11) |
| 18–59 y vs. 60–78 y | - | 1.02 (0.58–1.81) |
| University vs. non-university | 3.14 (1.03–9.53) | 0.77 (0.50–1.19) |
| White collar vs. Blue collar | 0.74 (0.23–2.42) | 0.79 (0.48–1.28) |
| Never/occasionally vs. Daily smoker | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.23(0.12–0.44) |
| Occasionally smoker vs. Daily smoker | 0.19 (0.07–0.53) | 1.53 (0.76–3.10) |
| April–June vs. July–September | 2.47 (0.82–7.44) | 1.44 (0.91–2.29) |
| October–December vs. July–September | 1.32 (0.40–4.35) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) |
Note: All analyses mutually adjusted for sex, age group, educational level, occupational group, wave of COVID-19, and baseline values for each lifestyle habit (except for alcohol, see text and Appendix B Table A2). * HPA question regarding sitting in leisure, coded as Low/moderate = “Almost no time”, “25% of time”, “50% of time” and High = “75% of time”, “All the time”. # HPA question regarding diet, coded as Good = “Very good” or “Good” and Poor = “Neither good or bad”, “Poor”, “Very poor”. § Including change in time spent sitting, exercise, diet, alcohol, and smoking.