Figure 4.

(A) Schematic demonstration of fabrication, biofunctionalization, and sensing of the LIG immunosensor. LIG is processed onto a polyimide sheet to create the working electrode, and subsequently, the electrode is passivated with lacquer. SEM image of the LIG surface is shown. The Salmonella antibodies are immobilized on the working electrode via carbodiimide cross-linking chemistry (EDC/NHS) to detect Salmonella microbes. (B) The linear calibration curve of charge transfer resistance change (ΔR_ct) vs. S. enterica concentrations (generated from Nyquist plots of impedance spectra) in chicken broth. (C) ΔR_ct vs. different interferent bacterial species (10⁴ CFU mL⁻¹) to show the specificity of the immunosensor. (D) Shelf-life test to investigate the stability of the immunosensors for seven days. All the data shown as mean ± SD, n = 3. * means significantly difference (p < 0.05) [137].