Table 1.

Contribution of 2D nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors in sensing food toxicants.

2D Nanomaterials and Composites	Transducer/Complex	Methodology	Food Contaminants	Linear Range; Limit of Detection	Real Sample Application	Recovery (%); Repeatability (%)	Remarks	Study Authors
Graphene	BSA/antibody/4-carboxyphenyl diazonium salt/GSPE	SWV	Okadaic acid/lipophilic marine biotoxin	~5000 ng L−1; 19 ng L−1	Shellfish extracts	89.2–104%; 5.8–10.9%	Single-step and rapid; reduced time and cost; enhanced sensitivity and specificity	Eissa et al. (2012) [136]
Multilayer graphene	LIG/multilayer graphene	EIS	Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium/food-borne pathogen	25 to 105 CFU mL−1; 13 ± 7 CFU mL−1	Chicken broth	nd:nd	Low cost and disposable; shelf life for 7 days; inexpensive	Soares et al. (2020) [137]
Guanine-assembled graphene Nanoribbons (GGNRs)	Brevetoxin B -BSA-GGNRs	SWV	Brevetoxin B/neurotoxin	1.0 pg mL−1 to 10 ng mL−1; 1.0 pg mL−1	(Mollusk extracts)		Enhanced sensitivity equivalent to the commercialized ELISA method	Tang et al. (2012) [138]
					Sinonovacula constricta	94–112%; nd
					Musculista senhousia	94–104%; nd
					Tegillarca granosa	86–108%; nd
GO	Bare/GO/EDC/aptamer/nanoceria labeled ochratoxin A	CV	Ochratoxin A/mycotoxin	0.15–180 nM; 0.1 nM.	Corn	92.5–96%; 3.1–4.3%	Enhanced sensitivity and selectivity	Bulbul et al. (2015) [139]
GO	Polyaniline-GO	FAAS and electrochemical assisted solid phase extraction	Lead (Pb2+)/toxic metal ions	ND;0.04 μg L−1	Tap water, mineral water, and beverage	nd: 0.14%	Simple and rapid; inexpensive and eco-friendly; exhibiting good anti-interference property	Wang et al. (2018) [140]
rGO	Aptamer-AuNPs-rGO-PGE	EIS	Tetracycline/antibiotic	1 × 10−16–1 × 10−6 M; 3 × 10−17 M	Cow milk	94.2–96.1%; 6.3–6.5%	Early screening; high reproducibility; stability for 21 days	Mohammad-Razdari et al. (2020) [141]
					Sheep milk	92.8–98.4%; 4.3–7.6%
					Goat milk	95.7–97.1%; 4.4–8.4%
					Water buffalo milk	97.7–102.1%; 9.2–10.2%
rGO	rGO/α-cyclodextrin/GCE	LSV	Imidacloprid/neonicotinoid	0.5–40 μM; 0.02 μM	Brown rice	92.0–98.7%; 1.4–3.8%	Excellent sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility; cost-effective and less time-consumption	Zhao et al. (2020) [142]
rGO	rGO/Au/pyrenebutyric acid/SNAP-25-GFP	DPV	Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A/neurotoxin	1 pg/mL to 1 ng/mL; 8.6 pg/mL	Skimmed milk	nd: nd	Increased sensitivity; non-specificity	Chan et al. (2015) [143]
Fe3O4/rGO	Fe3O4/rGO/MSPE	DPV	Ractopamine/β-adrenergic agonist	0.05–10 and 10–100 μM; 13 nM	Spiked real pork	90.13–109.63%; 1.81–5.03%	Enhanced sensitivity; portable; good reproducibility	Poo-arporn et al. (2019) [144]
Ti3C2Tx NSs/Au- Pd NPs	SPE/Ti3C2Tx NSs/Au-Pd/GA/AChE	Amperometry	Paraoxon/organophosphorus pesticides	0.36‒3634 nM; 6.36 pM	Pear	91.15–111.02%; 2.91–6.37%	Desired catalytic activity; rapid; superior conductivity and stability	Zhao et al. (2018) [145]
					Cucumber	87.93–110.82%; 1.08–5.89%
YbMoSe2	YbMoSe2/GCE	DPV	Diphenylamine/anti-scald agent in fruits	0.01–80 μM; 0.004 μM	Spiked pear fruits	99–110%; 2.09–2.34%	Increased active sites and decreased bandgap; high reproducibility, stability, and selectivity	Ramaraj et al. (2019) [146]
BP NSs	Aptamer-BP NSs/GCE	EIS	Patulin/mycotoxin	1× 10−3–1 µM; 0.03 × 10−3 µM	Apple juice	97.3–104.6%; 2.8–4.2%	Effective amplification of biosensor’s signal; enhanced sensitivity; more time-consumption	Xu et al. (2019) [147]
Au NPs-BP NSs	Aptamer-Au NPs-BP NSs/GCE	EIS	Patulin/mycotoxin	0.1 × 10−3–10 µM; 0.03 × 10−3 µM	Apple juice	96.2–104.0%; 2.4–3.8%	Effective amplification of biosensor’s signal; enhanced sensitivity; more time-consumption	Xu et al. (2019) [147]

nd = no data available.