Table 4.
Association of selected socio-demographic, lifestyle factors, familial history, co-morbidities and dietary habits with acne severity grades and acne scarring grades
| Variable | Acne severity | Acne scarring | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| A. Socio-demographic - gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.2 (0.882–1.634) | 0.246 | 1.225 (0.896–1.675) | 0.203 | 3.244 (1.864–5.644) | < 0.001*** | 3.238 (1.859–5.639) | < 0.001*** |
| Female | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| B. Lifestyle factors | ||||||||
| Paternal Smoker | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| No | 1.353 (0.956–1.912) | 0.088 | 1.420 (1.001–2.016) | 0.049* | 0.901 (0.499–1.626) | 0.728 | 0.919 (0.505–1.675) | 0.784 |
| Maternal Smoker | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| No | 0.561 (0.163–1.933) | 0.36 | 0.582 (0.167–2.03) | 0.396 | 0.305 (0.083–1.126) | 0.075 | 0.210 (0.054–0.813) | 0.024* |
| Parental Smoking | ||||||||
| None | 1.375 (0.972–1.944) | 0.072 | 1.450 (1.022–2.058) | 0.038* | 0.956 (0.509–1.795) | 0.888 | 0.912 (0.480–1.733) | 0.780 |
| At least 1 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Household smokers | ||||||||
| None | 1.449 (1.030–2.039) | 0.033* | 1.529 (1.083–2.159) | 0.016* | 0.980 (0.542–1.775) | 0.948 | 0.985 (0.539–1.801) | 0.962 |
| At least 1 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||||||
| Non-drinker | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Drinker | 1.183 (0.877–1.596) | 0.272 | 1.218 (0.895–1.657) | 0.209 | 1.821 (1.032–3.215) | 0.039* | 1.555 (0.869–2.786) | 0.137 |
| C. Familial history | ||||||||
| Parental Acne | ||||||||
| None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Only 1 parent | 0.824 (0.506–1.341) | 0.436 | 0.872 (0.531–1.432) | 0.587 | 3.049 (1.346–6.944) | 0.008** | 3.817 (1.634–8.929) | 0.002** |
| Both | 1.101 (0.718–1.689) | 0.659 | 1.195 (0.773–1.847) | 0.423 | 1.572 (0.687–3.597) | 0.284 | 1.515 (0.653–3.521) | 0.333 |
| D. Co-morbidities | ||||||||
| BMI | ||||||||
| 18.5–23 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| < 18.5 | 1.099 (0.721–1.675) | 0.659 | 1.146 (0.748–1.755) | 0.531 | 2.404 (1.185–4.878) | 0.015* | 2.445 (1.186–5.051) | 0.015* |
| > 23 | 1.061 (0.754–1.494) | 0.735 | 0.957 (0.674–1.36) | 0.808 | 1.381 (0.731–2.611) | 0.320 | 1.241 (0.648–2.375) | 0.515 |
| Asthma | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.631 (0.313–1.27) | 0.197 | 0.544 (0.263–1.128) | 0.102 | 4.359 (1.107–17.172) | 0.035* | 2.945 (0.689–12.588) | 0.145 |
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| E. Dietary habits | ||||||||
| Nuts | ||||||||
| Never/ occasionally | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Once or twice/week | 0.562 (0.384–0.824) | 0.003** | 0.585 (0.396–0.864) | 0.007** | 0.808 (0.404–1.618) | 0.547 | 0.659 (0.322–1.346) | 0.252 |
| Most or all days | 0.524 (0.268–1.022) | 0.058 | 0.547 (0.278–1.076) | 0.081 | 0.646 (0.186–2.247) | 0.492 | 0.692 (0.195–2.451) | 0.569 |
| Burgers/fast food | ||||||||
| Never/ occasionally | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Once or twice/week | 0.637 (0.464–0.875) | 0.005** | 0.603 (0.436–0.834) | 0.002** | 0.746 (0.425–1.309) | 0.307 | 0.660 (0.371–1.174) | 0.157 |
| Most or all days | 0.876 (0.500–1.534) | 0.642 | 0.836 (0.473–1.477) | 0.537 | 0.726 (0.243–2.174) | 0.567 | 0.745 (0.245–2.262) | 0.604 |
| Cereal | ||||||||
| Never/ occasionally | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Once or twice/week | 1.022 (0.587–1.781) | 0.938 | 0.943 (0.537–1.655) | 0.838 | 0.536 (0.231–1.244) | 0.146 | 0.437 (0.183–1.046) | 0.063 |
| Most or all days | 1.005 (0.569–1.776) | 0.986 | 0.956 (0.537–1.701) | 0.877 | 0.303 (0.117–0.788) | 0.014* | 0.278 (0.105–0.739) | 0.010* |
| Butter | ||||||||
| Never/ occasionally | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| More than once/week | 0.858 (0.599–1.229) | 0.403 | 0.835 (0.578–1.205) | 0.335 | 0.504 (0.260–0.975) | 0.042* | 0.451 (0.230–0.887) | 0.021* |
| Milk | ||||||||
| Never/ occasionally | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Once or twice/week | 1.33 (0.946–1.869) | 0.101 | 1.294 (0.916–1.828) | 0.144 | 0.457 (0.255–0.816) | 0.008** | 0.441 (0.244–0.797) | 0.007** |
| Most or all days | 1.095 (0.724–1.655) | 0.667 | 1.111 (0.731–1.69) | 0.622 | 0.232 (0.088–0.609) | 0.003** | 0.259 (0.097–0.689) | 0.007** |
Results are from univariate and multivariate analysis on the variables associated with moderate/severe acne with reference to mild acne, or acne cases with Grade 3/4 scarring with reference to acne cases with Grade 1/2 scarring
Values are odds ratio (95% CI); *p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001
aAdjusted for age and gender