Table 2.
Descriptive statistics on paid work (or self-employment), quality of life, disability, pain and psychological outcome measures by categories for length of hospital stay
| Pre-Injury | Baseline post-injury | 6 months | 12 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Paid work | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | 1011 (77.5) | Incomplete | 581 (76.8) | |
| LOS 2–6 days | 378 (74.6) | Incomplete | 234 (71.1) | |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 143 (69.1) | Incomplete | 71 (64.0) | |
| p value | 0.02 | 0.006 | ||
| Among those in paid work pre-injury | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | 665 (90.6) | 536 (91.3) | ||
| LOS 2–6 days | 245 (88.1) | 216 (87.5) | ||
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 70 (70.7) | 67 (81.7) | ||
| p value | < 0.0001 | 0.015 | ||
| Full score (1) achieved on the total EQ-5D-3L summary score | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | 878 (67.4) | 73 (5.6) | 416 (43.4) | 387 (51.1) |
| LOS 2–6 days | 357 (70.7) | 4 (0.8) | 106 (27.6) | 133 (40.6) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 143 (69.1) | 0 (0) | 19 (13.7) | 17 (14.9) |
| p value | 0.3 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| Any pain | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | Not available | 1087 (83.4) | 564 (60.3) | 388 (51.2) |
| LOS 2–6 days | Not available | 468 (92.3) | 281 (74.1) | 201 (61.1) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | Not available | 199 (96.1) | 126 (90.0) | 97 (85.1) |
| p value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| EQ-5D-3L summary score | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | 0.93 (0.14) | 0.49 (0.35) | 0.81 (0.25) | 0.85 (0.23) |
| LOS 2–6 days | 0.93 (0.14) | 0.29 (0.36) | 0.74 (0.27) | 0.78 (0.27) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.09 (0.37) | 0.61 (0.30) | 0.67 (0.26) |
| p value | 0.7 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 |
| SF12-PCS | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | Not available | 38.0 (11.2) | 48.6 (9.8) | 49.9 (9.3) |
| LOS 2–6 days | Not available | 29.3 (9.2) | 44.9 (10.7) | 47.0 (11.0) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | Not available | 25.1 (8.4) | 37.8 (11.4) | 39.6 (11.5) |
| p value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| SF12-MCS | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | Not available | 49.2 (12.0) | 51.9 (10.5) | 52.9 (9.4) |
| LOS 2–6 days | Not available | 48.9 (11.7) | 52.4 (10.5) | 52.1 (10.9) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | Not available | 46.7 (12.1) | 48.9 (13.1) | 50.2 (11.4) |
| p value | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.02 | |
| WHODAS | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | Not available | Not available | 9.9 (16.3) | 8.3 (15.9) |
| LOS 2–6 days | Not available | Not available | 13.5 (18.7) | 12.0 (18.3) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | Not available | Not available | 23.7 (22.7) | 23.0 (22.1) |
| p value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| IES-R total | ||||
| LOS ≤ 1 day | Not available | 3.53 (3.12) | 2.18 (2.75) | 1.66 (2.54) |
| LOS 2–6 days | Not available | 3.75 (3.10) | 2.49 (2.98) | 2.17 (2.79) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | Not available | 4.03 (3.16) | 3.57 (3.27) | 3.59 (3.33) |
| p value | 0.06 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
| DASS-21 total | ||||
| LOS ≤1 day | Not available | 12.3 (15.1) | 9.6 (14.3) | 7.3 (12.7) |
| LOS 2–6 days | Not available | 13.1 (15.1) | 10.1 (14.4) | 8.7 (13.0) |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | Not available | 14.7 (15.4) | 15.1 (16.8) | 14.7 (16.1) |
| p value | 0.09 | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | |
| Perceived change / progress (−5 to + 5) | ||||
| LOS ≤ 1 day | 3.18 (2.33) | 3.58 (2.06) | ||
| LOS 2–6 days | 2.64 (2.30) | 3.14 (2.17) | ||
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 1.96 (2.49) | 2.22 (2.33) | ||
| p value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Numeric pain scale among those reporting any pain at each interviewa | ||||
| LOS ≤ 1 day | 4.6 (2.3) | 3.5 (2.3) | 3.3 (2.2) | |
| LOS 2–6 days | 5.2 (2.2) | 3.7 (2.4) | 3.6 (2.3) | |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 5.7 (2.2) | 4.0 (2.2) | 4.1 (2.2) | |
| p value | < 0.0001 | 0.06 | 0.003 | |
| Pain catastrophizing scale among those reporting any pain at each interviewa | ||||
| LOS ≤ 1 day | 15.4 (13.6) | 14.4 (13.9) | 13.0 (13.6) | |
| LOS 2–6 days | 16.0 (14.1) | 13.9 (14.6) | 13.2 (13.8) | |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 19.0 (14.0) | 15.1 (13.7) | 16.2 (15.3) | |
| p value | 0.003 | 0.7 | 0.12 | |
| OMPSQ among those reporting current pain at each interview | ||||
| LOS < = 1 day | 39.6 (17.8) | 36.0 (20.6) | 34.1 (21.0) | |
| LOS 2–6 days | 45.4 (16.7) | 38.5 (20.2) | 38.2 (20.5) | |
| LOS ≥ 7 days | 51.8 (15.7) | 46.0 (21.2) | 46.4 (20.9) | |
| p value | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | |
a26 individuals who did not report pain at baseline missed out on the questions about pain and pain catastrophizing at their 6 month follow up interview