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. 2021 Mar 28;276:119437. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119437

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Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 1 — Changes in the number and mediated factors of Treg cells in mild and severe 2019-nCoV patients compared to controls. A1. The results pertaining to the flow cytometry analysis of the control group, mild patients and severe patients, which indicated the percentage of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ (Treg) cells among the total CD4+ T cell population. A2. Treg cell population was notably lower in mild and severe COVID-19 infected patients in comparison with healthy subjects (P = 0.0061 and P < 0.0001, respectively). A significant reduction in Treg cell frequency was counted in severe patients compared to mild cases, as well (P = 0.023). B. The significant downregulated expression levels of FoxP3 (P = 0.0063, P = 0.0002, and P = 0.025), IL-10 (P = 0.0004, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.08), IL-35 (P = 0.0054, P = 0.0005, and P = 0.066), and TGF-β (P = 0.0036, P = 0.0001, and P = 0.038) were detected in mild patient group vs. controls, severe patient group vs. controls, and severe patients group vs. mild patient group, respectively. C. The serum secretion levels of IL-10 (P = 0.016 and P = 0.0012), IL-35 (P = 0.01 and P < 0.0001), and TGF-β (P = 0.0003 and P = 0.0001) were detected to be significantly lower in mild patient group vs. controls and severe patient group vs. controls, respectively. Mild patient group, n = 40; severe patient group, n = 40; control group, n = 40. Results are given as, mean ± SD. (+) in graphs indicates the mean. P < 0.05 describes statistically significant. COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019; Treg, T-regulatory cell; FoxP3, forkhead box P3; IL, interleukin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-beta.