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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Surg. 2020 Nov 20;232(4):560–570. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.11.008

Table 3:

Clinical outcomes before and after implementation of a dedicated, trauma hybrid operating room (OR).

Clinical outcomes Control cases (n=106) Hybrid OR cases (n=186) p
Postoperative complications
 Any complication 58 (55%) 90 (48%) 0.331
 Any infectious complication 29 (27%) 27 (15%) 0.009
  Pneumonia 13 (12%) 7 (4%) 0.008
  Bloodstream infection 9 (9%) 8 (4%) 0.163
  Surgical site infection 6 (6%) 9 (5%) 0.787
  Urinary tract infection 5 (5%) 4 (2%) 0.293
  Clostridium difficile infection 0 (0%) 1 (1%) >0.999
  Graft infection 0 (0%) 1 (1%) >0.999
 Clavien-Dindo classificationsa
  Overall, median 2.0 [0.0–4.0] 0.0 [0.0–4.0] 0.364
  Grade 1, n (%) 3 (3%) 6 (3%) 0.331
  Grade 2, n (%) 13 (12%) 19 (10%) 0.697
  Grade 3a, n (%) 4 (4%) 7 (4%) >0.999
  Grade 3b, n (%) 5 (5%) 9 (5%) >0.999
  Grade 4a, n (%) 7 (7%) 12 (6%) >0.999
  Grade 4b, n (%) 15 (14%) 12 (6%) 0.036
  Grade 5a, n (%) 7 (7%) 9 (5%) 0.596
  Grade 5b, n (%) 4 (4%) 16 (9%) 0.150
Hospital length of stay (d) 9.5 [5.0–23.3] 9.0 [5.8–19.0] 0.791
ICU length of stay (d) 6.0 [2.0–17.0] 5.0 [2.0–13.0] 0.636
ICU-free hospital days 4.0 [2.0–6.0] 4.0 [1.0–7.3] 0.615
Days on mechanical ventilation 3.0 [1.0–8.0] 2.0 [1.0–5.3] 0.011
Ventilator-free ICU days 2.0 [0.0–6.3] 3.0 [1.0–7.0] 0.144
Discharge disposition
 Home 52 (49%) 104 (56%) 0.274
 Prison 6 (6%) 5 (3%) 0.215
 Another hospital 5 (5%) 7 (4%) 0.762
 Subacute/inpatient rehabilitation 17 (16%) 20 (11%) 0.204
 Long-term acute care 13 (12%) 22 (12%) >0.999
 Custodial care/nursing home 2 (2%) 1 (1%) 0.299
 Hospice 0 (0%) 2 (1%) 0.536
 In-hospital mortality 11 (10%) 25 (13%) 0.579
 Non-home discharge 54 (51%) 82 (44%) 0.274
a

Adapted for trauma by Naumann et al.18 ICU: intensive care unit. Data are presented as n (%) or median [interquartile range].