Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects according to the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) (n = 402).
| Characteristics | NDR (n = 231) | DR (n = 171) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (male/female) | 119/112 | 91/80 | 0.736 |
| Age (year) | 57.8 ± 8.3 | 57.3 ± 9.2 | 0.569 |
| Duration (year) | 5 (1–10) | 10 (7–14) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 25.3 ± 3.6 | 0.424 |
| WC (cm) | 86.5 ± 8.6 | 86.9 ± 8.7 | 0.647 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.1 ± 11.9 | 134.5 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.6 ± 9.2 | 78.7 ± 10.1 | 0.002 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.6 (5.8–9.7) | 9.4 (7.0–11.9) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.1 ± 1.3 | 9.6 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.69 (1.79–3.89) | 2.87 (1.85–3.99) | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.83 ± 1.25 | 4.92 ± 1.31 | 0.485 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.68 (1.19–2.53) | 1.77 (1.28–2.87) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.39 (1.21–1.59) | 1.32 (1.16–1.49) | 0.009 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.91 ± 0.94 | 2.98 ± 0.95 | 0.463 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.92 (1.26–2.70) | 2.46 (1.38–3.61) | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 3.13 (2.39–3.95) | 2.87 (2.06–3.73) | 0.008 |
| ALT (U/L) | 16 (12–25) | 22 (14–31) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 20 (16–25) | 24 (19–31) | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 22 (16–28) | 28 (19–39) | <0.001 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 68.7 ± 18.6 | 77.9 ± 19.3 | <0.001 |
| ACR | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 17.3 ± 3.9 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.3 (99.9-110.1) | 93.6 (88.9–100.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycemic treatments | 0.006 | ||
| Insulin (%) | 87 (37.7) | 64 (37.4) | |
| OHA (%) | 112 (48.5) | 63 (36.8) | |
| Insulin + OHA (%) | 32 (13.9) | 44 (25.7) | |
| GDF-15 (pg/ml) | 127.8 (96.1–202.8) | 168.9 (112.9–228.3) | <0.001 |
ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.