TABLE 2.

Changes in PA and mediating variables for the full analysis set (n=262) and by treatment groups at 12 weeks as compared with baseline

	Total (n=262)		Tio/Olo 5 µg/5 µg+SMBM+ExT (n=65)		Tio/Olo 5 µg/5 µg+SMBM (n=69)		Tio 5 µg+SMBM (n=64)		Placebo+SMBM (n=64)		Overall p-value¶
Changes in variables	Change after 12 weeks	p-value#	Change after 12 weeks	p-value#	Change after 12 weeks	p-value#	Change after 12 weeks	p-value#	Change after 12 weeks	p-value#	The four groups comparison
PA variables
Steps per week	6038.2 (3674.3–8401.4)	<0.001*	5028.1 (608.3–9447.9)	0.006*	11 141.9 (6487.6–15 796.2)	<0.001*	1904.7 (−1619.8–5429.9)	0.284	5923.4 (−266.0–12 112.1)	0.023*	0.099
Walking duration, in min	61.6 (36.4–86.8)	<0.001*	53.2 (4.2–101.5)	0.007*	110.6 (62.3–159.6)	<0.001*	23.1 (−17.5–64.4)	0.262	58.1 (−7.7–123.9)	0.047*	0.188
Behaviour
TSRQ autonomous regulation	0.2 (0.1–0.3)	0.002*	0.0 (−0.2–0.2)	0.516	0.2 (0.0–0.4)	0.105	0.3 (0.0–0.6)	0.027*	0.2 (0.0–0.4)	0.086	0.424
TSRQ controlled regulation	0.1 (0.0–0.3)	0.165	0.0 (−0.3–0.3)	1.000	0.1 (−0.2–0.4)	0.721	0.2 (−0.1–0.5)	0.166	0.1 (−0.2–0.4)	0.423	0.698
PCS score	0.5 (0.3–0.6)	<0.001*	0.4 (0.1–0.7)	0.003*	0.5 (0.2–0.7)	<0.001*	0.6 (0.3–0.9)	<0.001*	0.5 (0.2–0.9)	<0.001*	0.953
Stage of change scale	0.7 (0.6–0.8)	<0.001*	0.6 (0.4–0.9)	<0.001*	0.8 (0.5–1.0)	<0.001*	0.7 (0.4–1.0)	<0.001*	0.8 (0.5–1.0)	<0.001*	0.767

Data are presented as mean (95% CI).

ExT: exercise training; PA: physical activity; PCS: Perceived Competence Scale; SMBM: self-management behaviour modification; Tio: tiotropium; Tio/Olo: tiotropium/olodaterol; TSRQ: Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire. ^#: p-values were obtained by performing paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test; ^¶: p-values were obtained by performing ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test; *: p<0.05.