Figure 2.

OTA damages the intestinal histomorphology. (A) Ducks fed diets with different doses of OTA showed villous blunting and epithelial denudation in the jejunum, compared with the controls (magnification, 200×; scale bar, 200 μm; Ruan, 2018). (B) Detection of pathological changes in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum tissue (magnification, 5×; scale bar, 500 μm). The arrows “→” indicate a intestinal pathological damage or breakage of broiler chickens received 50 µg of OTA/kg body weight/day for 21 d (Tong et al., 2020). (C) Histological structures of the ileum at 42 d of age (magnification, 5×): negative control diet with normal epithelial cells in the apical region of villi; (D) diet contaminated with OTA; the villus height was decreased and the apical region of epithelial cells was shedding (Malekinezhad et al., 2020). Abbreviation: OTA, ochratoxin A.