Table 2.
OTA and gut health (absorption, barrier integrity, and immunity).
| Gut function | Subjects | Dose | Time | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absorption | HT-29-D4 cells | 100 μmol | 48 h | Na+-dependent glucose absorption was inhibited by 60 ± 4% | Maresca et al., (2001) |
| Cortical astrocytes | 10 μmol | 72 h | OTA could inhibit the absorption of glutamate by decreasing the expression of GLAST and GLT-1 at the cell surface | Razafimanjato et al., (2010) | |
| 1-day-old ducklings | 2 mg/kg diet | 21 d | OTA downregulated the expression of SGLT1, CAT1, EAAT, and PepT1 mRNA in jejunum, and decreased the expression | Ruan (2018) | |
| Barrier integrity | 1-day-old ducklings | 2 mg/kg diet | 21 d | OTA decrease the expression of occludin and tight junction protein 1 at the level of transcription and protein in jejunum | Ruan et al., (2019) |
| 7-day-old ducklings | 235 μg/kg body weight | 14 d | OTA decreased the expression of occludin and tight junction protein 1 at the level of transcription and protein in cecum, and increased the serum LPS content | Wang et al., (2019) | |
| 1-day-old white feather broilers | 50 μg/kg body weight | 21 d | OTA decreased expressions of claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1 at the mRNA level, and decreased the expression of claudin-1 at the protein level | Yang et al., (2020) | |
| Immunity | Male broiler chickens (Ross 308) | 20 and 50 μg/kg body weight | 28 d | OTA reduced the lymphocyte population in the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria, and increased the CD4+ and CD8+ values in both the duodenum and jejunum after 28 d of administration | Solcan et al., (2015) |
| Ducklings | 2 mg/kg diet | 21 d | OTA induced the secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in the jejunum and decreased the IgA content in the jejunum | Ruan (2018) | |
| 1-day-old broiler chickens | 50 μg of OTA/kg body weight/d | 21 d | OTA could upregulate the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and induce phosphorylation of NF-κB | Tong et al., (2020) |
Abbreviations: CAT1, cationic amino acid transporter 1; EAAT, excitatory amino acid transporter; GLAST, glutamate/aspartate transporter; GLT-1, glutamate transporter 1; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; OTA, ochratoxin A; PepT1, peptide transporter 1; SGLT1, sodium-dependent glutamate transporter 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; ZO-1, zonula occludens 1.