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. 2021 Feb 24;7(1):17. doi: 10.3390/ncrna7010017

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biogenesis of ncRNAs. (A) long intergenic non-coding RNAs are transcribed by Pol II in a pre-RNA immature form. Once matured, they are poly-adenylated. (B) Natural antisense transcripts transcription from the opposed strand of protein-coding genes. (C) piRNAs recognize their targets and recruits piwi proteins. It results in the cleavage of the primary piRNA transcript, producing the secondary piRNA in an amplification mechanism called ping-pong. (D) miRNAs exported are bound with AGO proteins to form the miRISC complex to inhibit mRNA expression. (E,F) circular RNAs, (derived from lariats introns: ciRNAs, or from back-splicing events of exonic pre-mRNAs: circRNAs) are covalently closed and usually contains miRNA binding sites.