Table 1.

Comparison of exposure of the aquatic and terrestrial environmental through different uses of transition metals by way of examples

	PPP	Manure	Fertiliser	Rain gutters	Anti‐fouling paint (boats)	Industrial production
Application to the environment	Intended, direct	Non‐intended, direct	Intended, direct	Non‐intended, indirect	Non‐intended, direct	Non‐intended, indirect
Aquatic environment
Emission path	Drift, run‐off, drainage (and point sources)	Run‐off	Drift, run‐off, drainage	Rain events via sewage treatment plants or direct emission to surface waters	Solubilisation	Smokestack emission, atmospheric long‐range transport and deposition
Timescale	Repeated pulse application, short‐ and long‐term exposure	Repeated pulse application, short‐ and long‐term exposure	Repeated pulse application, short‐ and long‐term exposure	Continuous input, long‐term exposure	Continuous input, long‐term exposure	Continuous input, long‐term exposure
Spatial scale	(Small) waterbodies in agricultural areas (edge of field)	(Small) waterbodies in agricultural areas (edge of field)	(Small) waterbodies in agricultural areas (edge of field)	Discharge from sewage treatment plants	Waterbodies	Global
Terrestrial environment
Emission path	Direct application, wash‐off from plants (in‐field); drift, run‐off (off‐field)	Direct application	Direct application	Disposal of sewage sludge contaminated via rain gutters on soils		Smokestack emission, atmospheric long‐range transport and deposition
Timescale	Repeated pulse application, short‐ and long‐term exposure	Repeated pulse application, short‐ and long‐term exposure	Repeated pulse application, short‐ and long‐term exposure	Repeated pulse, short and long‐term exposure		Continuous input, long‐term exposure
Spatial‐scale	In‐field; off‐field	In‐field	In‐field; off‐field	Mainly in‐field		Global